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图6: The black hole at the heart of biology. Photomicrograph reproduced with permission from: Soh EY, Shin HJ, Im K. The protective effects of monoclonal antibodies in mice from Naegleria fowleri infection. Korean Journal of Parasitology. 30: 113–123 (1992).
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图7: Structure of a lipid membrane. Reproduced with permission from: Singer SJ, Nicolson GL. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175: 720–31 (1972).
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图8: Complex I of the respiratory chain. Reproduced with permissions from: (A) Sazanov LA, Hinchliffe P. Structure of the hydrophilic domain of respiratory complex I from Thermus thermophiles. Science 311: 1430–1436 (2006). (B) Baradaran R, Berrisford JM, Minhas GS, Sazanov LA. Crystal structure of the entire respiratory complex I. Nature 494: 443–48 (2013). (C). Vinothkumar KR, Zhu J, Hirst J. Architecture of mammalian respiratory complex I. Nature 515: 80–84 (2014).
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图9: How mitochondria work. Photomicrograph reproduced with permission from: Fawcett D. The Cell. WB Saunders, Philadelphia (1981).
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图10: Structure of the ATP synthase. Reproduced with permission from: David S Goodsell. The Machinery of Life. Springer, New York (2009).
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图11: Iron-sulphur minerals and iron-sulphur clusters. Modified with permission from: Russell MJ, Martin W. The rocky roots of the acetyl CoA pathway. Trends in Biochemical Sciences29: 358063 (2004).
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图12: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Photographs reproduced with permission from Deborah S Kelley and the Oceanography Society; from Oceanography18 September 2005.
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图13: Extreme concentration of organics by thermophoresis. Reproduced with permission from: (a-c) Baaske P, Weinert FM, Duhr S, et al. Extreme accumulation of nucleotides in simulated hydrothermal pore systems. Proceedings National Academy Sciences USA104: 9346–9351 (2007). (d) Herschy B, Whicher A, Camprubi E, Watson C, Dartnell L, Ward J, Evans JRG, Lane N. An origin-of-life reactor to simulate alkaline hydrothermal vents. Journal of Molecular Evolution79: 213–27 (2014).
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图14: How to make organics from H2 and CO2. Reproduced with permission from: Herschy B, Whicher A, Camprubi E, Watson C, Dartnell L, Ward J, Evans JRG, Lane N. An origin-of-life reactor to simulate alkaline hydrothermal vents. Journal of Molecular Evolution79: 213–27 (2014).
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图15: The famous but misleading three-domains tree of life. Modified with permission from: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings National Academy Sciences USA87: 4576–4579 (1990).
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图16: The ‘amazing disappearing tree’. Reproduced with permission from: Sousa FL, Thiergart T, Landan G, Nelson-Sathi S, Pereira IAC, Allen JF, Lane N, Martin WF. Early bioenergetic evolution. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B368: 20130088 (2013).
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图17: A cell powered by a natural proton gradient. Modified with permission from: Sojo V, Pom-iankowski A, Lane N. A bioenergetic basis for membrane divergence in archaea and bacteria. PLOS Biology12(8): e1001926 (2014).
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图18: Generating power by making methane.
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图19: The origin of bacteria and archaea. Modified with permission from: Sojo V, Pomian-kowski A, Lane N. A bioenergetic basis for membrane divergence in archaea and bacteria. PLOS Biology12(8): e1001926 (2014).
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图20: Possible evolution of active pumping.
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图21: The remarkable chimerism of eukaryotes. Reproduced with permission from: Thiergart T, Landan G, Schrenk M, Dagan T, Martin WF. An evolutionary network of genes present in the eukaryote common ancestor polls genomes on eukaryotic and mitochondrial origin. Genome Biology and Evolution4: 466–485 (2012).
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图22: Two, not three, primary domains of life. Reproduced with permission from: Williams TA, Foster PG, Cox CJ, Embley TM. An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life. Nature504: 231–236 (2013).
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图23: Giant bacteria with ‘extreme polyploidy’. (A) and (B) reproduced with permission from Esther Angert, Cornell University; (C) and (D) by courtesy of Heide Schulz-Vogt, Leibnitz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock. In: Lane N, Martin W. The energetics of genome complexity. Nature467: 929–934 (2010); and Schulz HN. The genus Thiomargarita. Prokaryotes6: 1156–1163 (2006).
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图24: Energy per gene in bacteria and eukaryotes. Original data from Lane N, Martin W. The energetics of genome complexity. Nature467: 929–934 (2010); modified in Lane N. Bioenergetic constraints on the evolution of complex life. Cold SpringHarbor Perspectives in Biology doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015982 CSHP (2014).
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图25: Bacteria living within other bacteria. Reproduced with permission from: (Top) Wujek DE. Intracellular bacteria in the blue-green-alga Pleurocapsa minor. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society98: 143–145 (1979). (Bottom) Gatehouse LN, Sutherland P, Forgie SA, Kaji R, Christellera JT. Molecular and histological characterization of primary (beta-proteobacteria) and secondary (gamma-proteobacteria) endosymbionts of three mealybug species. Applied Environmental Microbiology78: 1187 (2012).
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图26: Nuclear pores. Reproduced with permission from: Fawcett D. The Cell. WB Saunders, Philadelphia (1981).
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图27: Mobile self-splicing introns and the spliceosome. Modified with permission from: Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. Garland Science, New York (2002).
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图28: Sex and recombination in eukaryotes.
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图29: The ‘leakage’ of fitness benefits in mitochondrial inheritance. Reproduced with permission from: Hadjivasiliou Z, Lane N, Seymour R, Pomiankowski A. Dynamics of mitochondrial inheritance in the evolution of binary mating types and two sexes. Proceedings Royal Society B280: 20131920 (2013).
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图30: Random segregation increases variance between cells.
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