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图20: Possible evolution of active pumping.
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图21: The remarkable chimerism of eukaryotes. Reproduced with permission from: Thiergart T, Landan G, Schrenk M, Dagan T, Martin WF. An evolutionary network of genes present in the eukaryote common ancestor polls genomes on eukaryotic and mitochondrial origin. Genome Biology and Evolution4: 466–485 (2012).
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图22: Two, not three, primary domains of life. Reproduced with permission from: Williams TA, Foster PG, Cox CJ, Embley TM. An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life. Nature504: 231–236 (2013).
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图23: Giant bacteria with ‘extreme polyploidy’. (A) and (B) reproduced with permission from Esther Angert, Cornell University; (C) and (D) by courtesy of Heide Schulz-Vogt, Leibnitz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock. In: Lane N, Martin W. The energetics of genome complexity. Nature467: 929–934 (2010); and Schulz HN. The genus Thiomargarita. Prokaryotes6: 1156–1163 (2006).
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图24: Energy per gene in bacteria and eukaryotes. Original data from Lane N, Martin W. The energetics of genome complexity. Nature467: 929–934 (2010); modified in Lane N. Bioenergetic constraints on the evolution of complex life. Cold SpringHarbor Perspectives in Biology doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015982 CSHP (2014).
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图25: Bacteria living within other bacteria. Reproduced with permission from: (Top) Wujek DE. Intracellular bacteria in the blue-green-alga Pleurocapsa minor. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society98: 143–145 (1979). (Bottom) Gatehouse LN, Sutherland P, Forgie SA, Kaji R, Christellera JT. Molecular and histological characterization of primary (beta-proteobacteria) and secondary (gamma-proteobacteria) endosymbionts of three mealybug species. Applied Environmental Microbiology78: 1187 (2012).
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图26: Nuclear pores. Reproduced with permission from: Fawcett D. The Cell. WB Saunders, Philadelphia (1981).
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图27: Mobile self-splicing introns and the spliceosome. Modified with permission from: Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. Garland Science, New York (2002).
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图28: Sex and recombination in eukaryotes.
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图29: The ‘leakage’ of fitness benefits in mitochondrial inheritance. Reproduced with permission from: Hadjivasiliou Z, Lane N, Seymour R, Pomiankowski A. Dynamics of mitochondrial inheritance in the evolution of binary mating types and two sexes. Proceedings Royal Society B280: 20131920 (2013).
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图30: Random segregation increases variance between cells.
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图31: The mosaic respiratory chain. Reproduced with permission from: Schindeldecker M, Stark M, Behl C, Moosmann B. Differential cysteine depletion in respiratory chain complexes enables the distinction of longevity from aerobicity. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development132: 171–197 (2011).
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图32: Mitochondria in cell death.
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图33: Fate depends on capacity to meet demand.
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图34: The death threshold. From: Lane N. Bioenergetic constraints on the evolution of complex life. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015982 CSHP (2014).
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图35: Antioxidants can be dangerous. Based on data from: Moreno-Loshuertos R, Acin-Perez R, Fernandez-Silva P, Movilla N, Perez-Martos A, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Gallardo ME, Enriquez JA. Differences in reactive oxygen species production explain the phenotypes associated with common mouse mitochondrial DNA variants. Nature Genetics38: 1261–1268 (2006).
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图36: Why rest is bad for you.
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图37: A unique microorganism from the deep sea. Reproduced with permission from: Yamaguchi M, Mori Y, Kozuka Y, et al. Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique organism from the deep sea. Journal of Electron Microscopy61: 423–31 (2012).
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复杂生命的起源 译后记
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认识尼克·莱恩是从《能量、性、死亡：线粒体与我们的生命》（台版译名，Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life）开始的。被这本书彻底迷倒之后，我又找到了它的“前传”：《氧气：改变世界的分子》（Oxygen: The Molecule that made the World，后面简称《氧气》）。前两部书，加上拙译的这第三本，构成了莱恩以线粒体为中心的生物能量学三部曲。这是一座科学研究与科学普及的丰碑。
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尼克·莱恩的第一个大陆简体译本是《生命的跃升》。在我看来，书是非常精彩的书，但在他迄今为止的四本重量级科普作品中，是最没有代表性的一本。
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因为他的力量所在，并不是花团锦簇的诗集式作品（这方面的巅峰，请读马特·里德利《基因组》）；也不是宏大的全景视野以及科学人文的无缝连接（这种经典请读卡尔·萨根的《魔鬼出没的世界》）。他的语言“穿透”技巧（对非专业读者的思维而言）不是第一流的，比不上戴蒙德《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》那样娓娓道来的本事。他没有霍金神一般的光环，也没有阿西莫夫大祭司一般的庄严。
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他虽然也变得越来越好斗，不断挑战伪科学、谬论乃至科学界的偏颇现象，但还赶不上道金斯的牙尖爪利。他的文笔起点相当高，但这些年来没有太大的进步。纯论科普作品的文字成就，我最欣赏的反而是系列第一本《氧气》。因为它在文笔、思想和科学之间保持着微妙的平衡。程颢曾把《论语》的文章比作玉，《孟子》的文章比作水晶，认为前者温润而后者明锐。在我看来，《氧气》就是玉一样的文章，后面两部越来越水晶。这第三部，简直是水晶制成的投枪。
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