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Yamaguchi M, Mori Y, Kozuka Y, et al. Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique organism from the deep sea. Journal of Electron Microscopy61: 423–31 (2012).
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复杂生命的起源 图片来源
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图1: A tree of life showing the chimeric origin of complex cells. Reproduced with permission from: Martin W. Mosaic bacterial chromosomes: a challenge en route to a tree of genomes. BioEssays21: 99–104 (1999).
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图2: A timeline of life.
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图3: The complexity of eukaryotes. Reproduced with permission from: (A) Fawcett D. The Cell. WB Saunders, Philadelphia (1981). (B) courtesy of Mark Farmer, University of Georgia. (C) courtesy of Newcastle University Biomedicine Scientific Facilities; (D) courtesy of Peter Letcher, University of Alabama.
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图4: The Archezoa – the fabled (but false) missing link. Reproduced with permission from: (A) Katz LA. Changing perspectives on the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution13: 493–497 (1998). (B) Adam RD, Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clinical Reviews in Microbiology14: 447–75 (2001).
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图5: The ‘supergroups’ of eukaryotes. Reproduced with permission from: Koonin EV. The incredible expanding ancestor of eukaryotes. Cell 140: 606–608 (2010).
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图6: The black hole at the heart of biology. Photomicrograph reproduced with permission from: Soh EY, Shin HJ, Im K. The protective effects of monoclonal antibodies in mice from Naegleria fowleri infection. Korean Journal of Parasitology. 30: 113–123 (1992).
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图7: Structure of a lipid membrane. Reproduced with permission from: Singer SJ, Nicolson GL. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175: 720–31 (1972).
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图8: Complex I of the respiratory chain. Reproduced with permissions from: (A) Sazanov LA, Hinchliffe P. Structure of the hydrophilic domain of respiratory complex I from Thermus thermophiles. Science 311: 1430–1436 (2006). (B) Baradaran R, Berrisford JM, Minhas GS, Sazanov LA. Crystal structure of the entire respiratory complex I. Nature 494: 443–48 (2013). (C). Vinothkumar KR, Zhu J, Hirst J. Architecture of mammalian respiratory complex I. Nature 515: 80–84 (2014).
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图9: How mitochondria work. Photomicrograph reproduced with permission from: Fawcett D. The Cell. WB Saunders, Philadelphia (1981).
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图10: Structure of the ATP synthase. Reproduced with permission from: David S Goodsell. The Machinery of Life. Springer, New York (2009).
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图11: Iron-sulphur minerals and iron-sulphur clusters. Modified with permission from: Russell MJ, Martin W. The rocky roots of the acetyl CoA pathway. Trends in Biochemical Sciences29: 358063 (2004).
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图12: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Photographs reproduced with permission from Deborah S Kelley and the Oceanography Society; from Oceanography18 September 2005.
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图13: Extreme concentration of organics by thermophoresis. Reproduced with permission from: (a-c) Baaske P, Weinert FM, Duhr S, et al. Extreme accumulation of nucleotides in simulated hydrothermal pore systems. Proceedings National Academy Sciences USA104: 9346–9351 (2007). (d) Herschy B, Whicher A, Camprubi E, Watson C, Dartnell L, Ward J, Evans JRG, Lane N. An origin-of-life reactor to simulate alkaline hydrothermal vents. Journal of Molecular Evolution79: 213–27 (2014).
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图14: How to make organics from H2 and CO2. Reproduced with permission from: Herschy B, Whicher A, Camprubi E, Watson C, Dartnell L, Ward J, Evans JRG, Lane N. An origin-of-life reactor to simulate alkaline hydrothermal vents. Journal of Molecular Evolution79: 213–27 (2014).
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图15: The famous but misleading three-domains tree of life. Modified with permission from: Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings National Academy Sciences USA87: 4576–4579 (1990).
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图16: The ‘amazing disappearing tree’. Reproduced with permission from: Sousa FL, Thiergart T, Landan G, Nelson-Sathi S, Pereira IAC, Allen JF, Lane N, Martin WF. Early bioenergetic evolution. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B368: 20130088 (2013).
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图17: A cell powered by a natural proton gradient. Modified with permission from: Sojo V, Pom-iankowski A, Lane N. A bioenergetic basis for membrane divergence in archaea and bacteria. PLOS Biology12(8): e1001926 (2014).
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图18: Generating power by making methane.
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图19: The origin of bacteria and archaea. Modified with permission from: Sojo V, Pomian-kowski A, Lane N. A bioenergetic basis for membrane divergence in archaea and bacteria. PLOS Biology12(8): e1001926 (2014).
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图20: Possible evolution of active pumping.
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图21: The remarkable chimerism of eukaryotes. Reproduced with permission from: Thiergart T, Landan G, Schrenk M, Dagan T, Martin WF. An evolutionary network of genes present in the eukaryote common ancestor polls genomes on eukaryotic and mitochondrial origin. Genome Biology and Evolution4: 466–485 (2012).
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