1700029706
1700029707
[75]Bishop. The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. 204，另可参见Bazooka, www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka，2011年8月1日访问。
1700029708
1700029709
[76]Harry Mark Petrakis. The Founder’s Touch: The Life of Paul Galvin of Motorola. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965. 136～147
1700029710
1700029711
[77]Pat Kirkham. Charles and Ray Eames: Designers of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1995. 212～214. 另可参阅Pulos. The American Design Adventure. 28
1700029712
1700029713
[78]Jeffrey L. Meikle. Design in the USA. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 131～132
1700029714
1700029715
[79]Pulos. The American Design Adventure. 20
1700029716
1700029717
[80]参见James Phinney Baxter 3rd. Scientists Against Time. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1946 and David M. Hart. Forged Consensus: Science, Technology, and the Economic Policy in the United States, 1921-1953. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. 117～144。有关Bush和OSRD的评论，参见Larry Owens.“The Counterproductive Management of Science in the Second World War: Vannevar Bush and the Office of Scientific Research and Development”. The Business History Review, 1994, 68(4), Winter: 63～95。
1700029718
1700029719
[81]“Science: Yankee Scientist”. Time Magazine，1944年4月3日。www.time.com/time/magazine，2011年7月29日访问。
1700029720
1700029721
[82]David A. Mindell. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing Before Cybernetics, Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. 262
1700029722
1700029723
[83]关于Getting和系统一体化的讨论，参见Mindell. Between Human and Machine. 265～275，另可参见Stephen B. Johnson.“Three Approaches to Big Technology: Operations Research Systems Engineering, and Project Management”. Technology and Culture, 1997, 38(4), 900。
1700029724
1700029725
[84]Mindell. Between Human and Machine. 273
1700029726
1700029727
[85]参见Harold Hazen.“The Human Being as a Fundamental Link in Automatic Control Systems”. Design Issues 29(1): 34～37。
1700029728
1700029729
[86]Mindell. Between Human and Machine. 276～277
1700029730
1700029731
[87]关于Servo Lab，参见Mindell. Between Human and Machine. 210～230。
1700029732
1700029733
[88]Baxter. Scientists Against Time. 90
1700029734
1700029735
[89]Alphonse Chapanis. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Chapanis，2011年8月2日访问。
1700029736
1700029737
[90]Baxter. Scientists Against Time. 70～72, 76～81。参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUKW，1911年7月27日访问。
1700029738
1700029739
[91]关于英国运筹学的起源和发展，参见Joseph McCloskey.“British Operational Research in World War II”. Operations Research, 1987, 35(3): 453～470。
1700029740
1700029741
[92]Eric P. Rau.“The Adoption of Operations Research in the United States During World War Ⅱ”. In: Agatha C. Hughes. Thomas P. Hughes, eds. Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000. 57。还可参阅Joseph F. McCloskey.“U. S. Operations Research in World War Ⅱ”. Operations Research, 1987, 35(6): 910～925。McCloskey记述了运筹学怎样纳入海军、陆军航空兵，并在一定程度上纳入了陆军的作战战略，而Rau重点论述了行政政治，特别是运筹学和Bush的OSRD之间的复杂关系。
1700029742
1700029743
[93]关于Mark 1的开发，参见I. Bernard Cohen.“Howard Aiken and the Dawn of the Computers Ages”. In: Raul Rojas, ULF Hashagen, eds. The First Computer–History and Architectures. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000. 107～120。另可参见Paul E. Ceruzzi. Reckoners: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer, From Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935-1945. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983. 43～72, and Michael R. Williams. A History of Computing Technbology, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997. 235～243。
1700029744
1700029745
[94]关于贝尔电话实验室计算机发展情况和Stibitz为政府工作情况，参见Paul E. Ceruzzi. Reckoners. 73～103。
1700029746
1700029747
[95]ENIAC是最抢眼、也是最受公众关注的电子计算机，但肯定不是最早的。最早的荣誉应该归谁尚没有定论，但最有竞争力者是Atanasoff-Berry计算机（ABC）。这是John Atanasoff和Clifford Berry于1939年到1942年间在爱荷华州立大学设计的。但是，ABC有严重的局限性，包括不能实现程序控制。领先于ENIAC的还有Colossus。这是由Tommy Flowers为主设计的一台英国计算机。Colossus于1943年12月完成，并于1944年2月投入使用。
1700029748
1700029749
[96]关于ENIAC的历史，参见Michael R. Williams. A History of Computing Technology. 266～283, and Paul E. Ceruzzi. Reckoners. 123～140。
1700029750
1700029751
[97]Jennifer Light.“When Computers Were Women”. Technology and Culture, 1999, 40(2): 455～483
1700029752
1700029753
1700029754
1700029755
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.700029706e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]