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[156]Jack Ruitenbeek, Cynthia Cartier. The Invisible Wand: Adaptive Co-Management as an Emergent Strategy in Complex Bio-Economic Systems. Jakarta: Center for International Forestry Research, 2001
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[157]Pierre-Marc Daigneault, Steve Jacob.“Toward Accurate Measurement of Participation: Rethinking the Conceptualization and Operationalization of Participatory Evaluation”. American Journal of Evaluation, 2009(30): 330～348
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[158]Daigneault, Jacob.“Toward Accurate Measurement of Participation”. 334
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[159]Daigneault, Jacob.“Toward Accurate Measurement of Participation”. 342。同时参见Roger A. Hart, Children’s Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship Florence: UNICEF and International Child Development Centre, 1992; Sherry R. Arnstein.“A Ladder of Participation”. American Institute of Planners Journal, 1969(35): 216～224; Bec Hanley et al. Involving the Public in NHS, Public Health, and Social Care Research: Briefing Notes for Researchers, Eastleigh, UK: INVOLVE, 2004; Patti-Jean Naylor et al.“Evaluating the Participatory Process in a Community-Based Heart Health Project”. Social Science and Medicine, 2002(55): 1173～1187。
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[160]J. Bradley Cousins, John J. Donohue, et al.“Collaborative Evaluation in North America: Evaluators’ Self-Reported Opinions, Practices and Consequences”. Evaluation Practice 1996(17): 207～226; Andrea Cornwall, Rachel Jewkes.“What is Participatory Research?” Social Science and Medicine, 1995(41): 1667～1676; Daigneault, Jacob.“Toward Accurate Measurement of Participation”. 341
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[161]Daigneault, Jacob.“Toward Accurate Measurement of Participation”. 338
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[162]T. Brown.“Design Thinking”. Harvard Business Review, 2008, 86(6): 84～92
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[163]Gemma Burford, Susanne Kissmann, et al.“Indigenous Participation in Intercultural Education: Learning from Mexico and Tanzania”. Ecology and Society, 2012, 17: 33
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[164]Chris Hayward, Lyn Simpson, et al.“Still Left Out in the Cold: Problematising Participatory Research and Development”. Sociologia Ruralis, 2004, 44: 95～108
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[165]Burford et al.“Indigenous Participation in Intercultural Education”. 33
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[166]一些作者把理想的终点视为这样一种情形，即先前被边缘化的利益群体完全控制决策。我们没有把这种情况视为单独的参与层级，而是把它视为新的始点：新近产生的自治群体成员可以自行决定选择有利于其合伙人的参与层级。
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[167]Angie Hart, Elizabeth Maddison, et al.“Introduction”. In Community-University Partnerships in Practice. Leicester, UK: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education, 2007; Etienne Wenger. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998
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[168]Naylor et al.“Evaluating the Participatory Process”. 1180
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[169]民间组织这一术语用得越来越多，特别是欧盟，它是指非政府组织、社区组织、教会组织以及类似的第三方机构，参见Gemma Burford, Ismael Velasco, et al.“Field Trials of a Novel Toolkit for Evaluating ‘Intangible’ Values-Related Dimensions of Projects”. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2013(36): 1～14。
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[170]Marc Steen.“Human-Centered Design as a Fragile Encounter”. Design Issues, 2012, 28(1): 72～80
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[171]Marc Steen.“Human-Centered Design as a Fragile Encounter”. Design Issues, 2012, 28(1): 72
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[172]Marc Steen.“Human-Centered Design as a Fragile Encounter”. Design Issues, 2012, 28(1): 75
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[173]Marc Steen.“Human-Centered Design as a Fragile Encounter”. Design Issues, 2012, 28(1): 75（加了单引号，以示强调）。
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[174]参见Victor Papanek. Design for the Real World. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers, 1994; Victor Margolin. The Politics of the Artificial: Essays on Design and Design Studies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002。
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[175]M. Stegall.“Designing for Sustainability: A Philosophy for Ecologically Intentional Design”. Design Issues, 2006, 22(2): 57
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[176]M. Stegall.“Designing for Sustainability: A Philosophy for Ecologically Intentional Design”. Design Issues, 2006, 22(2): 63
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[177]M. Stegall.“Designing for Sustainability: A Philosophy for Ecologically Intentional Design”. Design Issues, 2006, 22(2): 63
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[178]Richard Buchanan.“Declaration By Design: Rhetoric, Argument, and Demonstration in Design Practice”. In: Victor Margolin, ed. Design Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989: 93
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