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[285]参见Peirce. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. 5, 181; Aliseda. Abductive Reasoning: Logical Investigations into Discovery and Explanation. 171; Flach and Kakas.“Abductive and Inductive Reasoning: Background and Issues”. 7。
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[286]Ehud Y. Shapiro“Inductive Inference of Theories from Facts”. In: ed. Jean-Louis Lassez, Gordon Plotkin. Computational Logic: Essays in Honor of Alan Robinson. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991. 199～254
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[287]Peirce. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. 5, 168
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[288]参见Edwin Gardner.“Reasoning in Architecture: About the Diagrammatic Nature of Thinking with Real and Imagined Objects”. Master’s thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2009; Jon Kolko.“Abductive Thinking and Sensemaking: The Drivers of Design Synthesis”. Design Issues, 2010, 26(1): 15～28。
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[289]Harry G. Frankfurt.“Peirce’s Notion of Abduction”. The Journal of Philosophy, 1958 55(14): 594
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[290]Peirce. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. 5, 189
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[291]Agnar Aamodt, Enric Plaza.“Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational Issues, Methodological Variations, and System Approaches”. AI Communications, 1994, 7(1): 39～59
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[292]Stefaner et al.“MACE – Enriching Architectural Learning Objects for Experience Multiplication”. 322～336
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[293]参见Herbert A. Simon.“The Structure of Ill-Structured Problems”. Artificial Intelligence, 1973, 4(3): 181～201; Vinod Goel.“A Comparison of Well-Structured and Ill-Structured Task Environments and Problem Spaces”. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992. 844～849。
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[294]Purcell and Gero.“Drawings and the Design Process”. 389～430
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[295]参见Ross D. King et al.“The Automation of Science”. Science, 2009, 324(85): 85～89; Oliver Ray.“Automated Abduction in Scientific Discovery”. In: ed. Lorenzo Magnani and Ping Li. Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Medicine. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2007. 103～116; Oliver Ray et al.“Towards the Automation of Scientific Method”. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Workshop on Abductive and Inductive Knowledge Development. Pasadena: IJCAI and AAAI Press, 2009. 27～33。
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[296]参见Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, et al.“The Semantic Web”. Scientific American, 2001, 284(5): 34～43; Chris Bizer, Tom Heath, et al.“Linked Data: The Story So Far”. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems, 2009, 5(3): 1～22。
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[297]Bryan Lawson.“Oracles, Draughtsmen, and Agents: The Nature of Knowledge and Creativity in Design and the Role of IT”. Automation in Construction, 2005, 14(3): 383～391
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[298]King et al.“The Automation of Science”. 85～89
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设计问题（第一辑） 环境关系设计：从含糊性到织造性Designing Environmental Relations: From Opacity to Textility
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迈克·阿纽萨斯[299]（Mike Anusas）
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蒂姆·英戈尔德[300]（Tim Ingold）
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本文译自《设计问题》杂志2013年（第29卷）第4期。
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设计问题（第一辑） 1. 引言
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本文认为，西方工业社会的主流设计追求形式逻辑，这种逻辑削弱了我们认知与周边世界的物质关联广度和深度的能力。根据这种形式逻辑，物质和能量循环管/线都被包在不透明的密封表层里面，它们合谋阻碍人们对这些循环的认知，所呈现的是分立完美的实体的外表。依据维兰·傅拉瑟（Vilém Flusser）[301]的哲学思想，我们认为这种逻辑的根源在于人们需要给物质世界披上“物”的外衣，结果使人类陷入了环境日益异化的恶性循环之中。本文探讨整个人为设计的世界—其产品、建筑和空间—追逐这种需要的方式。同时指出，由此人们越来越难以追踪其活动的物质踪迹和环境后果。本文提议，重新定位设计目标，重新进行形式构想，从而使形式抵制将物质世界“物化”的传统。我们建议，视形式具有“织造性”，视物质世界由能量线组成，视设计为强化人与环境关系的实践。本文结语部分评述了本文所依据的跨学科活动，借以呼吁设计师加强学科联系，拓宽设计创造性地参与不断改造世界的视域。
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