1700032040 [8]Marc Steen, Menno Manschot and Nicole De Koning, Benefits of Co-Design in Service Design Projects, International Journal of Design, vol.5, no.2（2011）：53-60.

1700032041

1700032042 [9]不过，桑德斯、斯坦伯斯、克莱因曼、法尔肯鲍和范·德·卢格特对此已有研究。斯堪的纳维亚的参与式设计对此也有研究，如E. 贝克（E. Beck）、G. 皮耶克尼斯（G. Bjerknes）、T. 布拉特泰格（T. Bratteteig）、S. 博德克（S. Bødker）、P. 恩（P. Ehn）、J. 戈林鲍姆（J. Greenbaum）、M. 基恩格（M. Kyng）、R. 马库森（R. Markussen），最近还有K. 巴塔比（K. Battarbee）、J. 布尔（J. Buur）、J. 富尔顿·苏瑞（J. Fulton Suri）、J. 格利克森（J. Gulliksen）、I. 考斯基宁（I. Koskinen）、S. 库加拉（S. Kujala）、T. 马特尔马基（T. Mattelmäki）和E. 斯托尔特曼（E. Stolterman），等等。

1700032043

1700032044 [10]Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life：The Construction of Scientific Facts（2nd ed.）（Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press, 1986）；Bruno Latour, Science in Action：How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society（Milton Keynes, UK：Open University Press, 1987）；Steve Woolgar, ed., Knowledge and Reflexivity：New Frontiers in the Sociology of Knowledge（London, UK：Sage, 1988）；Malcolm Ashmore, The Reflexive Thesis：Wrighting Sociology of Scientific Knowledge（Chicago：The University of Chicago Press, 1989）；Karin Knorr Cetina, Laboratory Studies：The Cultural Approach to the Study of Science, in Sheila Jasanoff et al., eds., Handbook of Science and Technology Studies（London, UK：Sage, 1995）, 140-66；and Bruno Latour, Aramis, or the Love of Technology（Translated by Catherine Porter）（Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press, 1996）.

1700032045

1700032046 [11]C. S. Peirce, quoted in：Nigel Cross,“Discovering Design Ability”Discovering Design：Explorations in Design Studies, Richard Buchanan and Victor Margolin, eds.,（Chicago：The University of Chicago Press, 1995）, 110.

1700032047

1700032048 [12]参见Norbert F. M. Roozenburg and Johannes Eekels, Product Design：Fundamentals and Methods（Chichester：John Wiley & Sons, 1995）。

1700032049

1700032050 [13]Kees Dorst, The Core of“Design Thinking”and its Application, Design Studies, vol.32, no.6（2011）：521-32.

1700032051

1700032052 [14]Bryan Lawson, How Designers Think：The Design Process Demystified（4th ed.）（Amsterdam：Elsevier, 2006）, 125；and Nigel Cross, Designerly Ways of Knowing,（London：Springer-Verlag, 2006）, 80. See also：Kees Dorst and Nigel Cross, Creativity in the Design Process：Co-Evolution of Problem-Solution, Design Studies, vol.22, no.5（2001）：425-37；Nigel Cross, Design Thinking（Oxford：Berg Publishing, 2011）；and Jon Kolko, Abductive Thinking and Sensemaking：The Drivers of Design Synthesis, Design Issues, vol.26, no.1（2010）：15-28.

1700032053

1700032054 [15]H. W. J. Rittel and M. M. Webber, Planning Problems are Wicked Problems, in Developments in Design Methodology, Nigel Cross, ed.（Chichester：Wiley, 1984）；Richard Buchanan, Wicked Problems in Design thinking, Design Issues, vol.8, no.2（1992）：5-22；Richard Coyne, Wicked Problems Revisited, Design Studies, vol.26, no.1（2004）：5-17；and K. Dorst, Design Problems and Design Paradoxes, Design Issues：, vol.22, no.3（2006）：4-17.

1700032055

1700032056 [16]Larry A. Hickman, John Dewey’s Pragmatic Technology（Bloomington, IN：Indiana University Press, 1990）；Larry A. Hickman, Philosophical Tools for Technological Culture：Putting Pragmatism to Work（Bloomington, IN：Indiana University Press, 2001）；Jozef Keulartz, Maartje Schermer, Michiel Korthals, and Tsjalling Swierstra, Ethics in Technological Culture：A. Programmatic Proposal for a Pragmatist Approach, Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol.29, no.1（2004）：3-29；Gerald A. Emison, The Complex Challenges of Ethical Choices by Engineers in Public Service, Science and Engineering Ethics, vol.12, no.2（2006）：233-44；Peter Dalsgaard, Designing Engaging Interactive Environments：A Pragmatist Perspective（PhD dissertation）（Aarhus University, 2009）；Steven A. Moore, ed., Pragmatic Sustainability：Theoretical and Practical Tools（London：Routledge, 2010）；and Richard Sennett, The Craftsman（London：Penguin Books, 2008）. See also：Gavin Melles, New Pragmatism and the Vocabulary and Metaphors of Scholarly Design Research, Design Issues, vol.24, no.4（2008）：88-101；and Carl DiSalvo, Design and the Construction of Publics, Design Issues, vol.25, no.1（2009）：48-63.

1700032057

1700032058 [17]John Dewey, Art as Experience（1934；New York：The Berkley Publishing Group, 2005）.

1700032059

1700032060 [18]Donald A. Schön, The Reflective Practitioner：How Professionals Think in Action（New York：Basic Books, 1983）；and D. A. Schön,“Design：A Process of Enquiry, Experimentation and Research, Design Studies 5, no.3（1984）：130-31. Schön wrote his dissertation on Dewey’s theory of inquiry.

1700032061

1700032062 [19]David Hildebrand, Dewey：A Beginner’s Guide（Oxford：Oneworld, 2008）, 3.

1700032063

1700032064 [20]John Dewey, The Need for a Recovery of Philosophy, in Creative intelligence：Essays in the Pragmatic Attitude, J. Dewey, ed.（New York：Henry Holt and Co., 1917）, 65.

1700032065

1700032066 [21]D. Hildebrand, Dewey（2008）, 4-6.

1700032067

1700032068 [22]John Dewey, Experience and Nature（La Salle：Open Court Publishing, 1965）, 3-4.

1700032069

1700032070 [23]Dewey, Experience and Nature, 5-9.

1700032071

1700032072 [24]John Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy（New York：Henry Holt and Co., 1920）, 78.

1700032073

1700032074 [25]Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club：A Story of Ideas in America（New York：Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001）, 360, 322.

1700032075

1700032076 [26]Remko Van der Lugt and Pieter Jan Stappers, Design and the Growth of Knowledge（Delft University of Technology, 2006）；and Pieter Jan Stappers, Doing Design as a Part of Doing Research, in Design Research Now：Essays and Selected Projects, R. Michel, ed.,（Basel：Birkhäuser Verlag, 2007）, 81-91.

1700032077

1700032078 [27]Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy, 178.

1700032079

1700032080 [28]Dewey, Experience and Nature, 179.

1700032081

1700032082 [29]Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy, 156.

1700032083

1700032084 [30]Hildebrand, Dewey（2008）, 5.

1700032085

1700032086 [31]Victor Papanek, Design for the Real World：Human Ecology and Social Change（2nd ed.）,（London：Thames & Hudson, 1991）and Victor Margolin, The Politics of the Artificial：Essays on Design and Design Studies（Chicago：University of Chicago Press, 2002）；Gui Bonsiepe, Design and Democracy, Design Issues, vol.22, no.2（2006）：27-34；Andy Dong, The Policy of Design：A Capabilities Approach, Design Issues, vol.24, no.4（2008）：76-87；Dean Nieusma, Alternative Design Scholarship：Working Towards Appropriate Design, Design Issues, vol.20, no.3（2004）：13-24；and Ilse Oosterlaken, Design for Development：A Capability Approach, Design Issues, vol.25, no.4（2009）：91-102.

1700032087

1700032088 [32]Larry A. Hickman, Dewey’s Theory of Inquiry, in Reading Dewey, Larry A. Hickman, ed.,（1998）, 166-86；and Hildebrand, Dewey（2008）, 40-62.

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