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[9] 目前地球上约有1万枚核弹头,大大少于20世纪70年代的约7万枚,这显然是一个积极的趋势。
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[10] Karen Meech et al.,“A Brief Visit from a Red and Extremely Elongated Interstellar Asteroid,” Nature 552(2017):378-381,doi:10.1038/nature25020.
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[11] Philip Plait,private communication,April 8,2018.
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[12] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,“The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World”(FAO,2017),http://www.fao.Org/3/a-I7695e.pdf.
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[13] Patrick T.Brown and Ken Caldeira,“Greater Future Global Warming Inferred from Earth’s Recent Energy Budget,” Nature 552(2017):45-50,doi:10.1038/nature24672.
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[14] World Bank Group,“Turn Down the Heat:Confronting the New Climate Normal”(World Bank,2014),http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/317301468242098870/Main-report.
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[15] Brian Thomas et al.,“Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Earth:Exploration of Atmospheric,Biological,Climatic and Biogeochemical Effects,” Astrophysical Journal 634(2005):509-533,doi:10.1086/496914.
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[16] Adrian L.Melott and Brian C.Thomas,“Late Ordovician Geographic Patterns of Extinction Compared with Simulations of Astrophysical Ionizing Radiation Damage,” Paleobiology 35(2009):311-320,arⅩⅳ:0809.0899.
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[17] Julia Zorthian,“Stephen Hawking Says Humans Have 100 Years to Move to Another Planet,” Time ,May 4,2017,http://time.com/4767595/enums;Justin Worland,“Stephen Hawking Gives Humans a Deadline for Finding a New Planet,” Time ,November 17,2016,http://time.com/4575054/stephen-hawking-humans-new-planet.
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[18] Peter Gillman and Leni Gillman,The Wildest Dream:The Biography of George Mallory (Seattle:Mountaineers Books,2001),222.
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[19] Colin Summerhayes and Peter Beeching,“Hitler’s Antarctic Base:The Myth and the Reality,” Polar Record 43(2007):1-21,doi:10.1017/S003224740600578X.
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[20] United States Department of State,“The Antarctic Treaty,” https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/81421.pdf.
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[21] United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs,“Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space,including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,” http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_21_2222E.pdf.
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[22] Mahlon C.Kennicutt et al.,“Polar Research:Six Priorities for Antarctic Science,” Nature 512(2014):23-25,doi:10.1038/512023a.
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[23] Christopher Wanjek,“Food at Work:Workplace Solutions for Malnutrition,Obesity and Chronic Diseases”(Geneva:ILO,2005),138-142.
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[24] German Aerospace Center(DLR),“Rich Harvest in the Antarctic EDEN ISS Greenhouse—Tomatoes and Cucumbers in the Polar Night,” June 25,2018,https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-28538/.
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[25] Martin Gorst(Director),Big,Bigger,Biggest:Submarine ,Documentary,Windfall Films(National Geographic International,2009).
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[26] Gorst,Big,Bigger,Biggest.
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[27] Thomas Limero et al.,“Preparation of the NASA Air Quality Monitor for a U.S.Navy Submarine Sea Trial,” Conference Paper,Submarine Air Monitoring and Air Purification Symposium,Uncasville,Connecticut,November 13-16,2017.
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[28] Zoltan Barany,Democratic Breakdown and the Decline of the Russian Military (Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2007),33-34.
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[29] Ned Quinn,“NASA and U.S.Submarine Force:Benchmarking Safety,” Undersea Warfare:The Official Magazine of the U.S.Submarine Force 7(fall 2005).
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[30] Katie Shobe et al.,“Psychological,Physiological,and Medical Impact of the Submarine Environment on Submariners with Application to Virginia Class Submarines,” Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Technical Report #TR-1229(2003),https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256687350.
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[31] “How to Survive the Long Trip to Mars?Ask a Submariner,” Associated Press via Washington Post ,October 5,2015,https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/how-to-survive-the-long-trip-to-mars-ask-a-submariner/2015/10/05/9d05bf82-6b82-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html.
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[32] Peter Rejcek,“Passing of a Legend:Death of Capt.Pieter J.Lenie at Age 91 Marks the End of an Era in Antarctica,” Antarctic Sun ,April 20,2015,https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=4150.
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[33] Vadim Gushin et al.,“Content Analysis of the Crew Communication with External Communicants under Prolonged Isolation,” Aviation,Space,and Environmental Medicine 12(1997):1093-1098.
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