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[28] Zoltan Barany,Democratic Breakdown and the Decline of the Russian Military (Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2007),33-34.
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[30] Katie Shobe et al.,“Psychological,Physiological,and Medical Impact of the Submarine Environment on Submariners with Application to Virginia Class Submarines,” Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Technical Report #TR-1229(2003),https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256687350.
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[31] “How to Survive the Long Trip to Mars?Ask a Submariner,” Associated Press via Washington Post ,October 5,2015,https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/how-to-survive-the-long-trip-to-mars-ask-a-submariner/2015/10/05/9d05bf82-6b82-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html.
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[32] Peter Rejcek,“Passing of a Legend:Death of Capt.Pieter J.Lenie at Age 91 Marks the End of an Era in Antarctica,” Antarctic Sun ,April 20,2015,https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=4150.
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[33] Vadim Gushin et al.,“Content Analysis of the Crew Communication with External Communicants under Prolonged Isolation,” Aviation,Space,and Environmental Medicine 12(1997):1093-1098.
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[34] Robin Marantz Henig,“Cabin Fever in Space,” Washington Post ,August 4,1987.
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[35] Ian Mundell,“Stop the Rocket,I Want to Get Off,” New Scientist ,April 17,1993,pp.34-36,https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13818693-700.
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[36] 英制视力表示法,代表站在距离物体20英尺处可以看清物体的视力,即正常人的平均视力。换算为我们常用的小数表示法即1.0的视力。——译注
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[37] “HI-SEAS Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation,” University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa media kit,September 2017.
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[38] Leslie Mullen,“A Taste of Mars:Hi-Seas Mission Now in Its Final Days,” Astrobiology Magazine ,August 8,2013,https://www.astrobio.net/moon-to-mars/a-taste-of-mars-hi-seas-mission-now-in-its-final-days.
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[39] “Second HI-SEAS Mars Space Analog Study Begins,” University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa press release,March 28,2014,https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=6399.
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[40] Julielynn Y.Wong and Andreas C.Pfahnl,“3D Printed Surgical Instruments Evaluated by a Simulated Crew of a Mars Mission,” Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 87(2016):806-810,doi:10.3357/AMHP.4281.2016.
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[41] Allison Anderson et al.,“Autonomous,Computer-Based Behavioral Health Countermeasure Evaluation at HI-SEAS Mars Analog,” Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 87(2016):912-920,doi:http://10.3357/AMHP.4676.2016.
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[42] Michael Tabb,“This Team Is Simulating a Mission to Mars to Understand the High Emotional Cost of Living There,” Quartz ,March 10,2016,https://qz.com/635323/this-team-is-faking-a-mission-to-mars-to-understand-the-high-emotional-cost-of-living-there.
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[43] HI-SEAS 6号任务期间发生的事故有可能终结了HI-SEAS“载人”任务。2018年12月,NASA批准了100万美元的拨款以延续HI-SEAS项目,但这些钱仅用于分析前5次任务的数据。
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[44] Ilya Arkhipov,“Russia Picks Space-Pod Team for 520-Day Moscow‘Voyage’to Mars,” Bloomberg Businessweek ,May 18,2010,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-05-18/russia-picks-moscow-space-pod-team-for-520-day-simulated-voyage-to-mars.
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[46] Mathias Basner et al.,“Psychological and Behavioral Changes during Confinement in a 520-Day Simulated Interplanetary Mission to Mars,” PLoS ONE 9(2014),doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093298.
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[48] Jack W.Stuster,“Bold Endeavors:Behavioral Lessons from Polar and Space Exploration,” Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 13(2000):49-57.
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[49] Stuster,“Bold Endeavors,” 53.
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[50] Stuster,“Bold Endeavors,” 53.
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[51] Jane Poynter,The Human Experiment:Two Years and Twenty Minutes Inside Biosphere 2 (New York:Basic Books,2006).
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[52] Rebecca Reider,Dreaming the Biosphere:The Theater of All Possibilities (Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,2009).
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