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[36] 英制视力表示法,代表站在距离物体20英尺处可以看清物体的视力,即正常人的平均视力。换算为我们常用的小数表示法即1.0的视力。——译注
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[37] “HI-SEAS Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation,” University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa media kit,September 2017.
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[38] Leslie Mullen,“A Taste of Mars:Hi-Seas Mission Now in Its Final Days,” Astrobiology Magazine ,August 8,2013,https://www.astrobio.net/moon-to-mars/a-taste-of-mars-hi-seas-mission-now-in-its-final-days.
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[39] “Second HI-SEAS Mars Space Analog Study Begins,” University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa press release,March 28,2014,https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=6399.
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[40] Julielynn Y.Wong and Andreas C.Pfahnl,“3D Printed Surgical Instruments Evaluated by a Simulated Crew of a Mars Mission,” Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 87(2016):806-810,doi:10.3357/AMHP.4281.2016.
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[41] Allison Anderson et al.,“Autonomous,Computer-Based Behavioral Health Countermeasure Evaluation at HI-SEAS Mars Analog,” Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 87(2016):912-920,doi:http://10.3357/AMHP.4676.2016.
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[42] Michael Tabb,“This Team Is Simulating a Mission to Mars to Understand the High Emotional Cost of Living There,” Quartz ,March 10,2016,https://qz.com/635323/this-team-is-faking-a-mission-to-mars-to-understand-the-high-emotional-cost-of-living-there.
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[43] HI-SEAS 6号任务期间发生的事故有可能终结了HI-SEAS“载人”任务。2018年12月,NASA批准了100万美元的拨款以延续HI-SEAS项目,但这些钱仅用于分析前5次任务的数据。
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[44] Ilya Arkhipov,“Russia Picks Space-Pod Team for 520-Day Moscow‘Voyage’to Mars,” Bloomberg Businessweek ,May 18,2010,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-05-18/russia-picks-moscow-space-pod-team-for-520-day-simulated-voyage-to-mars.
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[45] Yue Wang et al.,“During the Long Way to Mars:Effects of 520 Days of Confinement(Mars500)on the Assessment of Affective Stimuli and Stage Alteration in Mood and Plasma Hormone Levels,” PLoS ONE 9(2014),doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087087.
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[46] Mathias Basner et al.,“Psychological and Behavioral Changes during Confinement in a 520-Day Simulated Interplanetary Mission to Mars,” PLoS ONE 9(2014),doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093298.
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[47] Peter Suedfeld,“Historical Space Psychology:Early Terrestrial Explorations as Mars Analogues,” Planetary and Space Science 58(2010):639-645.
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[48] Jack W.Stuster,“Bold Endeavors:Behavioral Lessons from Polar and Space Exploration,” Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 13(2000):49-57.
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[49] Stuster,“Bold Endeavors,” 53.
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[50] Stuster,“Bold Endeavors,” 53.
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[51] Jane Poynter,The Human Experiment:Two Years and Twenty Minutes Inside Biosphere 2 (New York:Basic Books,2006).
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[52] Rebecca Reider,Dreaming the Biosphere:The Theater of All Possibilities (Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,2009).
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太空居民:人类将如何在无垠宇宙中定居 2 倒计时前的检查
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外层空间的什么是最有害的:没有空气,且充满了致 命粒子,这些粒子以高能光子和高能原子核的形式存在。重力不足影响着身体的方方面面,你身体里的蛋白质甚至无法确定哪个方向朝上。
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有关太空航行的书籍和杂志文章经常把这种冒险比作穿越变幻莫测的海洋,前往新大陆。我们的祖先是乘坐用原始工具手工制作的独木舟横渡南太平洋的。他们出发时从没想着要回来。他们在浩瀚的水面上度过几天、几周甚至几个月的时间,暴露在自然环境中,只有少量宝贵的食物和水。许多人在途中死去,但也有少数人抵达目的地并开始了新生活。数万年前的这些早期迁徙无疑非常危险,但是水滴不会破坏你的DNA;海雾不会破坏你的脑细胞;波动的海浪也不会导致液体在你的眼睛里堆积并造成永久性的视网膜损伤。当最终到达陆地时,你仍然可以行走,不会因为双腿太过虚弱无法支撑自己而需要医生和工程师把你抬下船。而且,当到达目的地时,你很有可能会找到食物和水。
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简而言之,生物可以在水里生存,不能在水里生存的生物则可以利用浮木穿过水面到达陆地。但太空是无菌的并且具有杀菌作用。在过去的成百上千年里,地球上的每一次旅行无论多么艰巨,与月球以外的太空旅行相比都相形见绌。如果换一个想法,那么第一代太空人的牺牲就会降到最低。需要明确的是,从工程学的角度来看,太空旅行如今在技术上是可行的。毕竟50年前我们就把人类送上了月球。我们已经将探测器传送到太阳系以外,并且已经有探测器在金星、火星、土卫六、彗星67P/楚留莫夫-格拉西门科彗星(Churyumov-Gerasimenko)和一些小行星的表面实现了软着陆。但是,许多医生认为,把人类送到月球以外的地方是非常危险的,几乎等同于杀人。
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