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[2] 即从视力1.0下降到0.2。——译注
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[3] Donna R.Roberts et al.,“Effects of Spaceflight on Astronaut Brain Structure as Indicated on MRI,” New England Journal of Medicine 377(2017):1746-1753,doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705129.
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[4] 第二个原因是费用。为了创造出0.5G且没有眩晕感的旋转,旋转轮需要很大,直径要超过200米,以每分钟1圈的速度旋转。但如果出于测试而不是终身居住的目的,重力设置为0.38G,转速为每分钟4圈,旋转轮就可以造得更小,因此也更便宜。
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[5] Gil Knier,“Home Sweet Home,” NASA MSFC,May 25,2001,https://web.archive.Org/web/20060929044226/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2001/news-homehome.asp.
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[6] 即科学(Science),技术(Technology),工程(Engineering),数学(Mathernatics)四门学科的英文首字母缩写。——译注
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[7] Dai Shiba et al.,“Development of New Experimental Platform‘MARS’—Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System—to Elucidate the Impacts of Micro/Partial Gravity on Mice,” Scientific Reports 7(2017),doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10998-4.
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[8] 一种菌类,大小比成人的拳头略小。——译注
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[9] 本底辐射是指人类生活环境中本来存在的辐射,主要包括宇宙射线和自然界中天然放射性核素发出的射线。——译注
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[10] Michael J.Carlowicz and Ramon E.Lopez,Storms from the Sun (Washington,DC:Joseph Henry Press,2002),144.
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[11] Tony Phillips,“Sickening Solar Flares,” NASA,November 8,2005,https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/news/stereo_astronauts.html.
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[12] Lawrence Townsend et al.,“Extreme Solar Event of AD775:Potential Radiation Exposure to Crews in Deep Space,” Acta Astronautica 123(2016):116-120,doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.002.
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[13] Christer Fuglesang et al.,“Phosphenes in Low Earth Orbit:Survey Responses from 59 Astronauts,” Aviation,Space,and Environmental Medicine 77(2016):449-452.
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[14] Eugene N.Parker,“Shielding Space Travelers,” Scientific American 294(2006):40—47,doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0306-40.
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[15] Vipan K.Parihar et al.,“Cosmic Radiation Exposure and Persistent Cognitive Dysfunction,” Scientific Reports 6(2016),doi:10.1038/srep34774.
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[16] Christopher Wanjek,“On a Long Trip to Mars,Cosmic Radiation May Damage Astronauts’Brains,” Live Science ,October 11,2016,https://www.livescience.com/56449-cosmic-radiation-may-damage-brains.html.
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[17] Catherine M.Davis et al.,“Individual Differences in Attentional Deficits and Dopaminergic Protein Levels Following Exposure to Proton Radiation,” Radiation Research 181(2014):258-271,doi:10.1667/RR13359.1;Melissa M.Hadley et al.,“Exposure to Mission-Relevant Doses of 1 GeV/n48 Ti Particles Impairs Attentional Set-Shifting Performance in Retired Breeder Rats,” Radiation Research 185(2016):13-19,doi:10.1667/RR14086.1.
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[18] Jonathan D.Cherry et al.,“Galactic Cosmic Radiation Leads to Cognitive Impairment and Increased Ab Plaque Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” PLoS ONE 7(2012):e53275,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053275.
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[19] Christina A.Meyers and Paul D.Brown,“Role and Relevance of Neurocognitive Assessment in Clinical Trials of Patients with CNS Tumors,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 24(2006):1305-1309,doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.6086.
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[20] Francis A.Cucinotta and Eliedonna Cacao,“Non-Targeted Effects Models Predict Significantly Higher Mars Mission Cancer Risk than Targeted Effects Models,” Scientific Reports 7(2017),doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02087-3.
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[21] IOM(Institute of Medicine),Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflight:Ethics Principles,Responsibilities,and Decision Framework (Washington,DC:National Academies Press,2014),1-4.
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[22] Amanda L.Tiano et al.,“Boron Nitride Nanotube:Synthesis and Applications,” Proceedings,SPIE,vol.9060,Nanosensors,Biosensors,and Info-Tech Sensors and Systems,April 16,2014,doi:10.1117/12.2045396.
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[23] Theo Vos et al.,“Global,Regional,and National Incidence,Prevalence,and Years Lived with Disability for 310 Diseases and Injuries,1990-2015:A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015,” Lancet 388(2016):1545-1602,doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
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[24] Chad G.Ball et al.,“Prophylactic Surgery Prior to Extended-Duration Space Flight:Is the Benefit Worth the Risk?” Canadian Journal of Surgery 55(2012):125-131,doi:10.1503/cjs.024610.
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[25] Francine E.Garrett-Bakelman et al.,“The NASA Twins Study:A Multidimensional Analysis of a Year-Long Human Spaceflight,” Science 364(6436):eaau8650,doi:10.1126/science.aau8650.
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[26] Scott Kelly,Endurance:A Year in Space,A Lifetime of Discovery (New York:Knopf,2017).
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