1700072419

1700072420 3.Diodorus，2.6，from Ctesias.

1700072421

1700072422 4.Plutarch, Themistocles, Chapter 7.

1700072423

1700072424 7　阿提米西安海战

1700072425

1700072426 1.Plato, Menexenus 11. Aristophanes, Lysistrata, verse 1250. Later they also placed on the foothill a victory monument whose inscription has come down to us through Plutarch.

1700072427

1700072428 2.Concerning the construction of the triremes, see Hauck Zeitschrift des Vereins deutscher Ingenieure，1895；A. Tenne（engineer），Warships in the Days of the Ancient Greeks and Romans（Kriegschiffe zu den Zeiten der alten Griechen und Römer），1916. Review by Voigt, Die Literarische Zeitung，29（1917）：932.

1700072429

1700072430 3.It is perhaps well to recall that not only large land armies but also large fleets are hard to maneuver. The complete fleet with which the Athenians moved to Sicily in 415 B.C.was 134 triremes and 2 penteremes strong, and had in addition 131 cargo ships and a number of volunteer trading vessels. This fleet did not sail as a single squadron, but was divided into three divisions，“so that they might not, by sailing together, be wanting water and ports and provisions when they landed, and so that they might, in other matters, be more orderly and easy to control, being assigned to a commander according to set divisions”*（Thucydides 6.42）.

1700072431

1700072432 8　萨拉米斯海战

1700072433

1700072434 1.Berlin dissertation，1914.R. Trenkel, publisher.

1700072435

1700072436 2.By the nature of Herodotus’account, it is naturally not impossible that a large portion of the overall account has been lost without leaving any trace. Nevertheless, it is very unusual that we hear nothing at all about why the large Persian army, during the fourteen days it camped in Attica before the battle, did not also occupy Megara, which, after all, lay in front of the isthmus and its wall. A logical explanation would be that the Spartiates, with the army of the Peloponnesians, to the extent that they were not digging in on the isthmus, were occupying the passes leading from Attica to Megara and that Xerxes, unlike his action at Thermopylae—precisely because of his experience at Thermopylae—did not attack because he wanted to do away with the fleet first. Under those circumstances, it is all the more likely that a part of the Greek fleet could have been on the beach at Megara. It is, of course, obvious that this construction is in direct contradiction to the historical narrative.

1700072437

1700072438 3.All kinds of conclusions have been proposed as a result of the fact that Xerxes returned by land, while sending his children home with the fleet. For such details, however, so many varied reasons are imaginable that there is little purpose in going deeply into the matter.

1700072439

1700072440 9　普拉提亚会战

1700072441

1700072442 1.Herodotus 9.32.

1700072443

1700072444 2.Berlin dissertation，1907.

1700072445

1700072446 第二篇　鼎盛时期的希腊军队

1700072447

1700072448 1　伯罗奔尼撒战争之前的希腊战术

1700072449

1700072450 1.Not until the Peloponnesian War did the Spartans create cavalry and archer units, in order to defend their land against the Athenians, who would quickly attack from the sea, now here and now there.（Thucydides 4.55.）

1700072451

1700072452 2.See Bauer, Section 52.

1700072453

1700072454 3.Wernicke, in Hermes 26（1891）：51，states the opinion that the Athenian citizens who served as “bowmen”* had come from the poorer classes.

1700072455

1700072456 4.Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.1. Thrasylus is sent out with a fleet and equips five thousand of his sailors as peltasts.

1700072457

1700072458 2　伯利克里战略

1700072459

1700072460 1.Athens lost 4，450 hoplites and citizen-cavalrymen; in addition, on each trireme at least a few Athenian citizens as officers. The entire expedition, with all its logistical support, can be estimated at 60，000 men.

1700072461

1700072462 3　雇佣兵

1700072463

1700072464 1.Böckh, National Economy（Staatshaushalt），1：152，340（3d ed.）. The wages varied between 4 obols and 1 drachma（6 obols）per man; for the hoplites, therefore，2 drachmas，1 for the warrior and 1 for his servant, including ration money. When the humorist Theopomp says that a man could feed a wife on 2 obols and that he could be completely happy on 4，he probably means the base pay aside from the ration allowance, which was, where needed, provided by 2 additional obols. At the time of Aristotle the Athenian ephebi received 4 obols daily, their instructors 1 drachma. State of the Athenians（Staat der Athener），Chapter 42.

1700072465

1700072466 2.Nöthe, Federal Council, Federal Taxes, and Military Service of the Delhi League（Bundesrat, Bundessteuer und Kriegsdienst der delischen Bündner），Magdeburg Program，1880. Guide, Military Procedures of the First Athenian League（Kriegsverfahren des ersten athenischen Bundes），Neuhaldensleben Program，1888.

1700072467

1700072468 3.Speech of Nicias, Thucydides 6.68：“… Against men that meet us in a mob and are not picked men as we are, and even against Sicelots, who, on the one hand, despise us, but yet do not stand their ground against us, because their skill is less than their daring.”*

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