1700072431

1700072432 8　萨拉米斯海战

1700072433

1700072434 1.Berlin dissertation，1914.R. Trenkel, publisher.

1700072435

1700072436 2.By the nature of Herodotus’account, it is naturally not impossible that a large portion of the overall account has been lost without leaving any trace. Nevertheless, it is very unusual that we hear nothing at all about why the large Persian army, during the fourteen days it camped in Attica before the battle, did not also occupy Megara, which, after all, lay in front of the isthmus and its wall. A logical explanation would be that the Spartiates, with the army of the Peloponnesians, to the extent that they were not digging in on the isthmus, were occupying the passes leading from Attica to Megara and that Xerxes, unlike his action at Thermopylae—precisely because of his experience at Thermopylae—did not attack because he wanted to do away with the fleet first. Under those circumstances, it is all the more likely that a part of the Greek fleet could have been on the beach at Megara. It is, of course, obvious that this construction is in direct contradiction to the historical narrative.

1700072437

1700072438 3.All kinds of conclusions have been proposed as a result of the fact that Xerxes returned by land, while sending his children home with the fleet. For such details, however, so many varied reasons are imaginable that there is little purpose in going deeply into the matter.

1700072439

1700072440 9　普拉提亚会战

1700072441

1700072442 1.Herodotus 9.32.

1700072443

1700072444 2.Berlin dissertation，1907.

1700072445

1700072446 第二篇　鼎盛时期的希腊军队

1700072447

1700072448 1　伯罗奔尼撒战争之前的希腊战术

1700072449

1700072450 1.Not until the Peloponnesian War did the Spartans create cavalry and archer units, in order to defend their land against the Athenians, who would quickly attack from the sea, now here and now there.（Thucydides 4.55.）

1700072451

1700072452 2.See Bauer, Section 52.

1700072453

1700072454 3.Wernicke, in Hermes 26（1891）：51，states the opinion that the Athenian citizens who served as “bowmen”* had come from the poorer classes.

1700072455

1700072456 4.Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.1. Thrasylus is sent out with a fleet and equips five thousand of his sailors as peltasts.

1700072457

1700072458 2　伯利克里战略

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1700072460 1.Athens lost 4，450 hoplites and citizen-cavalrymen; in addition, on each trireme at least a few Athenian citizens as officers. The entire expedition, with all its logistical support, can be estimated at 60，000 men.

1700072461

1700072462 3　雇佣兵

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1700072464 1.Böckh, National Economy（Staatshaushalt），1：152，340（3d ed.）. The wages varied between 4 obols and 1 drachma（6 obols）per man; for the hoplites, therefore，2 drachmas，1 for the warrior and 1 for his servant, including ration money. When the humorist Theopomp says that a man could feed a wife on 2 obols and that he could be completely happy on 4，he probably means the base pay aside from the ration allowance, which was, where needed, provided by 2 additional obols. At the time of Aristotle the Athenian ephebi received 4 obols daily, their instructors 1 drachma. State of the Athenians（Staat der Athener），Chapter 42.

1700072465

1700072466 2.Nöthe, Federal Council, Federal Taxes, and Military Service of the Delhi League（Bundesrat, Bundessteuer und Kriegsdienst der delischen Bündner），Magdeburg Program，1880. Guide, Military Procedures of the First Athenian League（Kriegsverfahren des ersten athenischen Bundes），Neuhaldensleben Program，1888.

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1700072468 3.Speech of Nicias, Thucydides 6.68：“… Against men that meet us in a mob and are not picked men as we are, and even against Sicelots, who, on the one hand, despise us, but yet do not stand their ground against us, because their skill is less than their daring.”*

1700072469

1700072470 4.Xenophon, Hellenica 1.6.24. The Athenians decided to move out with 110 ships，“putting aboard every one of military age, whether they were slave or free. Even many of the knights went on board.”*

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1700072472 5.According to a report contained in Polyaenus 3.3，Tolmidas, when he was once supposed to move out with 1，000 hoplites, was joined by 3，000 volunteers. Two passages in Aristophanes seem to contradict this. In The Knights, verse 1369，Demos expresses the wish that men will no longer be excused from hoplite service by favoritism, and in Peace, verse 1179，an individual is very unhappy because he finds that he is suddenly once again called up for service, and he complains that in general the country people are oppressed in this regard, while the city dwellers are given the preference. It is clear, therefore, that at that time（424 and 421 B.C.）the army levy had not yet become a purely voluntary, reimbursed service.

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1700072474 6.In Aristotle, On the State of the Athenians, Chapter 24，where he explains that the mass of Athenians lived from the state（by virtue of the taxes of the allies），it is also said that the city maintained 2，500 hoplites. It is not easy to say how we should interpret this. There can be no thought of a standing army. The peripoloi, who had a strength of about 2，000，can hardly be meant here. Perhaps there existed an arrangement whereby 2，500 men were to keep themselves in a special degree of readiness at any given moment, were occasionally assembled, had to drill, and received a small reimbursement. It can hardly have been otherwise, at any rate, with the 1，200 cavalrymen and 1，600 archers whom Aristotle mentions in the same line. Beloch, in Klio 5：357，expressed the conjecture that it must simply have been 12，500 instead of 2，500，and, in the end, that seems to me to be the most logical solution.

1700072475

1700072476 4　公元前4世纪对原有战术体系的完善

1700072477

1700072478 1.Herodotus 1.61. The mercenaries of Pisistratus seem, in fact, to have been not Greeks but Scythians. Helbig, Sitzungs-Berichte der Münchner Akademie 2（1897）：259. A military review by Pisistratus or Hippias on a dark-figured bowl.

1700072479

1700072480 2.Herodotus 3.39.

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