1700072795

1700072796 7.Of course, that has not been proved directly, but as Marquardt has remarked（2：339），it is very probable. See also Polybius 11.23，where it is stated that three maniples were called a cohort.

1700072797

1700072798 8. The passage where Polybius describes this quality of the Roman battle formation—that it was at the same time impenetrable（consequently in close order）and capable in all its individual units of turning in any desired direction（15.15.7）—is unfortunately somewhat obscure in its wording, but according to the sense quite clear and very valuable. The two characteristics of impenetrability and mobility can only be united by having intervals between the cohorts and keeping these intervals as small as possible. The large intervals that Veith（in Vol.3，Part 2，p.701）uses this passage to support are not only not proved by it, but are in fact contradicted, since a battle formation with intervals in its front is not impenetrable. The small intervals, as I conceive them, do not remove the quality of impenetrability, since they are closed up at the moment of impact by the press from the rear.

1700072799

1700072800 9.Livy 43.14. Polybius 35.4.

1700072801

1700072802 10.See the source citations in Mommsen, Roman History（Römische Geschichte）2：107 and 175；Marquardt, The Roman National Constitution（Römische Staatsverfassung），2：381.

1700072803

1700072804 11.Plutarch, Marius, Chapter 9.

1700072805

1700072806 3　百夫长

1700072807

1700072808 1.Correctly noted and solidly documented but expressed somewhat too strongly by Fröhlich in Caesar’s Method of Waging War（Kriegswesen Cäsars），p.19.

1700072809

1700072810 2.Polybius 6.34.One would expect that, corresponding to the 10 cohorts of the legion，10 tribunes would be assigned; however, even under the empire, there were only 6. Vegetius 2.12，states，“Cohortes a tribunis vel a praepositis regebantur”（“the cohorts ought to be commanded by tribunes or others set over them”）. The contradiction in the fact that the cohort appears as the basic tactical unit but the centurion is the key leader stems from the development of the army from a general citizen levy. For a long time already, the tribunes had had the character of magistrates, whereas the centurions had become soldiers pure and simple.

1700072811

1700072812 3.See also the passages in Marquardt，2：545；Festus, p.198，says that he had moved into the position of the old accensus（orderly）and on p.184 that the centurion had chosen him “rerum privatarum ministrum”（“the one who attends to private affairs”）.

1700072813

1700072814 4.Vegetius 2.7.

1700072815

1700072816 5.During the period of the Empire we see many titles of men with special functions who, in our system, would probably be designated as privates first-class or as noncommissioned officers with administrative functions. See I.H. Drake, The principalis of the Early Empire，1905，and Domaszewski, The Rank Structure of the Roman Army（Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres）1908.

1700072817

1700072818 4　米特拉达梯

1700072819

1700072820 1.Memnon, who also says not a word about the second battle. Episodes of the History of Greece（Fragmenta historiae Graeciae）（ed. Carolus Müller），3.542.

1700072821

1700072822 2.Kromayer, Ancient Battlefields（Antike Schlachtfelder）Vol.2，has tried to reconstruct at Chaeronea a full-fledged battle, something that has just as little corroboration in the sources and is objectively just as impossible as the same author’s battle of Magnesia. It would be superfluous to give detailed proof for this.

1700072823

1700072824 3.That the largest part of the army had spread out to plunder is not a sufficient reason, for if the remainder was much weaker than the Romans, we must ask ourselves again why Sulla did not take advantage of this opportunity to attack.

1700072825

1700072826 4.K.Eckhardt, Die armenischen Feldzüge des Lucullus, Berlin dissertation 1909，Klio, Vols.9 and 10. The military-objective analysis is not incisive enough. Nor does Gröbe, in Deutsche. Literaturzeitung, Vol.47，1910，agree with him.

1700072827

1700072828 5　罗马人与帕提亚人

1700072829

1700072830 1. The changes I have made in this chapter are based on the painstaking work of Francis Smith in the Historische Zeitschrift, Vol.115，1916.

1700072831

1700072832 2.Regling，“Crassus’War Against the Parthians”“Crassus’Parth-erkrieg，”Klio, Vol.7，1907.

1700072833

1700072834 3.According to Gardthausen, Vol.II, Part 1，p.150，footnote 6，the figures for the strength of the Roman army vary between 13 and 18 legions. The Armenian reinforcing troops should also be added to that number.

1700072835

1700072836 4.Dio Cassius 49.26.

1700072837

1700072838 5.Plutarch, Antonius, Chapter 49，conclusion. Dio 49.31.

1700072839

1700072840 6.This is how Frontinus, Stratagemetos 2.13.7，is to be understood.

1700072841

1700072842 第七篇　恺　撒

1700072843

1700072844 1　恺撒历次征战的批判性分析　无

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