1700075425 8.According to Kiekebusch in The Influence of Roman Cultureon the Germanic as Reflected in the Burial Mounds of the Lower Rhine（Der Einfluss der römischen Kultur auf die germanische im Spiegel der Hügelgräber des Niederrheins），p.64（see p.36 n.2 above），that applies only to the Rhenish Germans. According to him, the Elbe Germans, judging from the grave finds, were rich in iron and generally superior to the Rhenish Germans in their culture.

1700075426

1700075427 9.An excellent work is the broad-based study that appeared in 1916 from the Kossinnas Mannus Library, The Armament of the Germans in the Older Iron Age, from About 700 B.C. to 200 A.D.（Die Bewaffnung der Germanen in der älteren Eisenzeit etwa von 700 v. Chr.bis 200 n. Chr.），by Martin Jahn（Würzburg, Curt Kabitzsch）. In order to determine their possible influence on the Germanic weapons system, the author extends his study to cover those of the Celts and the Romans. According to the grave finds, the shields were so light and thin that they could hardly have withstood a powerful thrust of the lance or blow of the sword. For that purpose, however, they had a metal projection which in its extreme form extended into a rod more than 12 centimeters long. This can hardly be interpreted in any other way than that the Germans not only used the shield for passive parrying.like the Romans but also brandished it actively and sought not so much to stop the enemy thrusts and slashes but to ward them off, and therefore fought simultaneously with both arms. In this connection, see below. Book III, Chapter 1，the excursus concerning the Herulians. According to information given to me by Jahn in a letter, the battle-ax played hardly any role before 200 A.D.，judging from grave finds. It is more often found from the third and fourth centuries on, especially in the graves of the Lusatian region, which at that time was inhabited by the Burgundians.

1700075428

1700075429 10.They are collected in the publication Catalogue of the Castings … with German Depictions（Verzeichnis der Abgüsse … mit Germanen-Darstellungen），by K. Schumacher，2d ed.，Mainz，1910.

1700075430

1700075431 11.Martin Jahn, Bewaffnung der Germanen, pp.87，216.

1700075432

1700075433 3　古罗马降服日耳曼

1700075434

1700075435 1.Florus 4.12.

1700075436

1700075437 2.Ritterling（Bonner Jahrbücher，1906）would substitute here, instead of the Yssel, the Vecht River, which branches off farther away from the Rhine. This difference has no significance for our purposes.

1700075438

1700075439 3.Velleius 2.106.

1700075440

1700075441 4.Strabo 7.1.3. Velleius 2.121.

1700075442

1700075443 5.Tacitus, Hist.5.22.

1700075444

1700075445 6.Florus 4.12：“Praeterea in tutelam provinciarum praesidia atque custodias ubique disposuit, per Mosam flumen, per Albim, per Visurgim. Nam per Rheni quidem ripam quinquaginta amplius castella direxit.”（“Moreover, for the protection of the provinces he stationed garrisons and guardhouses everywhere along the Meuse, Elbe, and Weser rivers. In fact, along the bank of the Rhine he erected more than fifty forts.”）Instead of “Mosam，” Asbach（Bonner Jahrbücher 85[1888]：28），probably justifiably, would read “Amisiam.” See also in this connection Tacitus, Annals 1.38.

1700075446

1700075447 7.It is therefore an erroneous expression when Köpp. The Romans in Germany（Die Römer in Deutschland），p.22，explains that Drusus’dvance to the Elbe was only an “isolated, temporary move forward.”

1700075448

1700075449 4　条顿堡森林会战

1700075450

1700075451 1.The fact that the road ran over the hill and not along the valley seems curious to us today, but that was almost the general rule with theroads of antiquity. The Roman milestones in the area of the Rhine that have remained until the present day date back only to the time of Trajan.

1700075452

1700075453 2.Frontinus, Strategem.2.9.4.

1700075454

1700075455 3.It is appropriate that the citations in Frontinus, Strategem.3.15.4 and 4.7.8. Velleius 2.120.and Dio Cassius’ reference to the effect that only one Roman fort had held out have been combined. In this connection, see below, the special study on the location of Aliso following Chapter VI.

1700075456

1700075457 4.Schuchhardt，“Roman-Germanic Research in Northwest Germany”（“Römisch-Germanische Forschung in Nordwestdeutschland”），extract from Neue Jahrbücher für das klassische Altertum（1900），p.29.

1700075458

1700075459 5　日尔曼尼库斯与阿米尼乌斯

1700075460

1700075461 1.Müllenhoff, in Germania, pp.436 and 545，has sought explanations for such an apparently incredible error and has made various suggestions: nonetheless, he finally arrives at the conclusion that Tacitus had erroneous geographical concepts. Bremer’s attempt in his “Ethnography of the Germanic Tribes”（“Ethnographie der germanischen Stämme”），Pauls Grundriss, to bring order to this confusion by shifting the peoples has also failed to have any satisfying result.

1700075462

1700075463 2.See in the last chapter of this volume “Provisions and Train.”

1700075464

1700075465 3.Knoke has already correctly explained the sequence of events in this manner.

1700075466

1700075467 4.General F. Wolf, in The Feat of Arminius（Die That des Arminius），has determined that the region of Iburg corresponds in every respect to Tacitus’description. Caecina would then have split off from Germanicus near Osterkappeln or Bramsche.

1700075468

1700075469 6　战争的高潮与结束

1700075470

1700075471 1.Tacitus 2.6，recounts the fact that unusually shallow-bottomed vessels were also built as if that was done in consideration of the tides. This can probably be more correctly considered, as Knoke does, as referring to the ships that were to be able to navigate as far as possible up the rivers.

1700075472

1700075473 2.It would not be impossible to explain the return march of one part of the army as serving Germanicus as a covering force, since he had personally come with his legions to Aliso, where he reconstructed an old altar that had once been erected in honor of his father and had dedicated it with a festival. In such cases.however, a cavalry unit, which can move quickly, is no doubt a better covering force than the slow-moving legions. Furthermore, it still seems more likely that the six legions were left at Aliso and two were moved by sea.

1700075474

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