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3.De Justiniani Imperatoris aetate quaestiones militares scripsit Conradus Beniamin（Military Questions from the Age of Emperor Justinian I by Conrad Benjamin），Berlin dissertation，1892，W. Weber.
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4.Mommsen, Hermes 24：258.
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5.Justinian also sought to maintain the institution of the “border guards”（Grenzer），and he organized new ones in Africa. The edict covering this was even transcribed into the code and has come to us in that way. Mommsen, Hermes 24：200. But the salary that was allocated and promised to these men, in addition to the land given to them, could not be paid to them; there was too much demand elsewhere for liquid currency. Finally, Justinian seems to have deprived them of their character as soldiers as well as their pay. Procopius, hist.arc.24，as cited by Mommsen in Hermes 24：199. Others consider this as applying only to the east.
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6.Taken from the translation by Coste in the History Writers of the Earliest German Period（Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit）.
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7.Spartian, Chapter 10.
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8.Vopiscus, Chapter 7.
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9.Dahn, Procop von Cäsarea, p.395.
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10.Procopius, bell. Pers.2.17；2.18.bell. Vand.2.14.
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11.See Vol. I, p.67. Luschan，“On the Ancient Bow”（”Ueber den antiken Bogen”），Festschrift für Benndorf，1898. Jähns. Trutzwaffen: the entire very informative chapter on the bow, third phase. See also my Vol. III, Book 3. Chapter 8：“English Archery”（“Das englische Bogenschiessen”）. The same account appears again there.
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12.Reproduced in Diehl, Justinien et la civilisation byzantine, p.209.
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13.Köchly and Rüstow. Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller 2：2，201. It is from the anonymous document.
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2 塔吉纳会战
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1.According to the translation by Coste in the History Writers of the Earliest German Period（Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit）.
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Nissen claims that the name reads not “Taginae” but “Tadinae.”
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3 维苏威火山会战 无
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4 卡西林努斯河会战 无
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5 战略
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1.Dahn, Procop von Cäsarea, p.412.
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2.Köchly and Rüstow, Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller 2：2，167. Chapter XXXIV, p.4.
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3.Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften 1：155. See vol. IV, pp.194，207.
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第四篇 向中世纪过渡
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1 古罗马-日耳曼国家的军事组织
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1.Although the law of Valentinian I is contained in the Codex Theodosianus 4.14，Heinrich Richter has sought to interpret away this content in his work, Das weströmische Reich, p.681.Note 150. But his interpretation, considering among the barbara conjux（barbarian wife）and the gentiles（foreigners）only barbarians outside the border of the Roman Empire, is juridically untenable. That Valentinian himself gave Merobaudes a Roman as his wife, and Theodosius gave Fravitta the Goth and the Vandal Stilicho his own nieces were exceptions such as the most powerful people sometimes make for themselves.
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2.According to Zeumer，“History of the West Gothic Laws”（“Geschichte der westgotischen Gesetzgebung”），in the Neues Archiv für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 24：574，Leovigild（569-586）legally permitted the connubium（intermarriage）between Goths and Romans; but he says that, in fact, the prohibition had already been violated and disregarded many times previously.
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3.Mommsen, Ostgotische Studien 497：“As only the Goth can be a soldier in Theodoric’s state, so too can he alone be an officer. The exclusion of Romans from the military offices counterbalances the exclusion of the Goths from positions as civil magistrates.”
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