1700075894

1700075895 14.The reader’s attention is called to the citation already analyzed above, Procopius, de bell. Vand.1.18，where it is recounted how the Vandals came neither in order nor formed for battle, but “They went in symmoriai, and these were small—about thirty, or in fact, twenty men.”* Those could have been such diminished clans.

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1700075897 15. The ango has some similarity to the Roman pilum, and so it can be considered as a javelin.

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1700075899 16.Rüstow, in Heerwesen Cäsars, p.25，assumes that on the average the cavalry was one-fourth as strong as the legionary infantry, thus forming 20 percent of the army. Marquardt, in Römische Staatsverfassung 2：441，agrees with this point. Fröhlich, Kriegswesen Cäsars, p.40，rightly avoids considering this relationship as an average. Of the numbers reported in the sources，20 percent is not an average but the maximum.

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1700075901 3　初期日耳曼-古罗马军事体系的衰落

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1700075903 1.Some of the codes call for half of all the serving men instead of a tenth.

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1700075905 2.Könige der Germanen 6：222，2d edition.

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1700075907 4　封建制度的起源

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1700075909 1.The provisions of the edict read as follows: “ut nullus judex de aliis provinciis aut regionibus in alia loca ordinetur: ut si aliquid mali de quibuslibet conditionibus perpetraverit, de suis propriis rebus exinde quod male abstulerit, juxta legis ordinem debeat restituere.”（that no judge from different provinces and regions should be appointed in other locations; that if he should have rendered some injury under any circumstances, according to the order of this law he would have to restore what he subsequently gained from his own property.”）Mon. Germ. Leg.1.14. Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte 2：377. Judex applies to the official in general, also the count. The indefinite expression “de aliis provinciis et regionibus”（“from different provinces and regions”）is either the pure bombast of a copyist or intentional because of those owners who had property in several districts. It is not specifically stated that only estate owners were to be named, but this is to be inferred from the prohibition “de aliis provinciis aut regionibus，” together with the requirement for wealth: owners of a large mobile fortune without real property hardly came into consideration for the position of count.

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1700075911 2.Geschichte des Beneflzialwesens, p.153.

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1700075913 3.On this point I agree essentially with Brunner in his Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, except that he still considers pueri too much as unfree men.

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1700075915 The difference between the Frankish monarchy and that of the other Germanic countries was first clearly recognized and sharply defined by Sohm; Sohm’s idea was in turn effectively developed by W. Sickel, Westdeutsche Zeitschrift（1885）：231 ff.

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1700075917 4.Dippe, Vassalage and Obeisance in the Kingdom of the Merovingians（Gefolgschaft und Huldigung im Reiche der Merowinger），p.44.

1700075918

1700075919 5.Examples in Dippe, p.18.

1700075920

1700075921 6.According to the extract in Boretius, Contributions to the Critique of the Capitularies（Beiträge zur Kapitularienkritik），p.154.

1700075922

1700075923 7.According to M. Heym. The German Production of Foodstuffs（Das deutsche Nahrungswesen），p.295. räuchern（to smoke）is a common Germanic word; this method of protecting meat from spoiling is therefore very ancient, When Pomponius Mela reports that in Germany they ate meat raw, Heym believes that this statement referred to smoked meat. The technique of making cabbage and greens preservable by a special procedure is, according to Heym, p.327，not a native one; sauerkraut is a name that was adopted much later. Nevertheless, it may not be impossible that Abbot Fulrad knew this dish and took some of it into the field with him.

1700075924

1700075925 8.See the excursus，“Provisions and Train.”

1700075926

1700075927 9.（added in the 2d edition.）Consequently, I have not, as Erben states in the Historische Zeitschrift 101：329，admitted the possibility of depots, for example on the Rhine, only missing testimony therefor, but I have expressly argued against the possibility of such depots.

1700075928

1700075929 10.Bronsart, Dienst des Generalstabes, p.414，2d edition. Today it is even more.

1700075930

1700075931 11.N.B.：under the then existing conditions; the present-day train horse, on a modern road, pulls more than twice that much.

1700075932

1700075933 12.Roth, Beneflzialwesen, p.99，Note 224.

1700075934

1700075935 13.Petit de Juleville, Histoire de la littérature francaise，1：67. Toward the middle of the ninth century, Abbot Lupus of Ferrière en Gâtinais sent his nephew to Prüm to learn German.Consequently, there was no longer the possibility for this at home; but it was still considered advisable to know that language.

1700075936

1700075937 14.W.Bruckner, The Lanǵuaǵe of the Lombards（Die Sprache der Lanǵobarden），Strasbourg，1895.

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1700075939 15.Roth, Benefizialwesen, pp.98，100，101. In a roster of the monks of St. Denis drawn up in 838，we find only eighteen non-Germanic names in a list of 130; furthermore the majority of the eighteen were biblical names. Even in the most southerly part of Gaul, we find the names in the ninth century to be predominantly German. The same situation is shown in the rosters in a sacramentary of the Paris church at the end of the ninth century, published by Leopold Delisle in the Mémoires de 1’Institut de France 32（1886）：372.

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