1700079417

1700079418 3.Clerics, who do not seem to live completely like monks; and where they keep the rules of Saint Benedict according to his order, they should promise in word as much as in truth, and some of these the abbots especially should bring to our lord.

1700079419

1700079420 4.Then advocates, deputies, or whoever will have been elected as elders, and the whole mass of the people, twelve-year-old boys as well as old men, whoever had come to the assembly and are able to fulfill and observe the order of their lords, whetther peasants or men of bishops, abbesses, and counts or men of others, royal subtenants, tenants, clerics, and serfs, whoever as honored men hold benefices and services or were honored in vassalage since they are able to have the horses of their lord, arms, shield, lance, sword, and short sword, all should swear. And they should carry with them the names and number of these in a list, the counts likewise divided by single centenae [subdivisions of a county]，just as those who were born within a district and will have been peasants and those frome elsewhere who have been committed in vassalage.

1700079421

1700079422 Finally, warnings to those who want to escape the oath.

1700079423

1700079424 25.Contin. Fred.，Chap.135（Chronicarum quae dicuntur Fredegarii scholastici libri IV cum Continuationibus: Four books of Chronicles which are said to be by Fredegarius Scholasticus with continuations）.

1700079425

1700079426 26.Annales Lauresh.（Annals of Lorch）for the year 773. The duke of Benevento and all the Beneventans were also summoned to do their duty by messengers. Waitz 3：255.

1700079427

1700079428 27.Waitz 4：437.

1700079429

1700079430 28.Baltzer, p.48，believes that the bow was not mentioned as a weapon of war in Germany before the twelfth century. But that is not correct. The opposing pieces of evidence are assembled in Waitz, Verfassungsgeschichte 8：123. Widukind 3：28 tells of two outstanding warriors who were cut down by arrows in 953. In 3：54，Otto has the Slavs fired on with arrows. Bruno, Chap.61，mentions “sagittarii”（“archers”）. Continuatio Reginonis（Continuation of the Annals of Regino）for 962 has the Germans using marksmen（“sagittarii et fundibularii”：“archers and slingers”）in the siege of an Italian stronghold. Richard Richer has a similar account at the siege of Verdun in 984.

1700079431

1700079432 29.As cited in Waitz 4：458.

1700079433

1700079434 30.Capitulary of Diedenhofen of the year 805.M.G.，1.123.“De armatura in exercitu sicut iam antea in alio capitulare commendavimus, ita servetur, et insuper omnis homo de duodecim mansis bruneam habeat；

1700079435

1700079436 qui vero bruniam habens et earn secum non tullerit, omne beneficium cum brunia pariter perdat.”（“Concerning armament in the army let it thus be observed, just as we have already commanded before in another capitulary. In addition, every man with twelve holdings should have a mail tunic; indeed, whoever possesses a mail tunic and will not have brought it with him should lose his whole benefice together with his mail tunic.”）

1700079437

1700079438 31.Capitulary of Aachen.M.G.，1.171，Chap.9.

1700079439

1700079440 De hoste pergendi, ut comiti in suo comitatu per bannum unumquemque hominem per sexaginta solidos in hostem pergere bannire studeat, ut ad placitum denuntiatum ad ilium locum ubi iubetur veniant. Et ipse comis praevideat quomodo sint parati, id est lanceam, scutum et arcum cum duas cordas, sagittas duodecim. De his uterque habeant. Et episcopi, comites, abbates hos homines habeant qui hoc bene praevideant et ad diem denuntiati placiti veniant et ibi ostendant quomodo sint parati. Habeant loricas vel galeas et temporalem hostem, id est aestivo tempore.

1700079441

1700079442 Chap. 17. Quod nullus in hoste baculum habeat, sed arcum.

1700079443

1700079444 （When the army is on the march，[we order]that it should be the business of a count to proclaim by edict in his county that each man in lieu of 60 solidi should do military service, and that they should come to the assembly announced at that place where it is commanded. The count himself should have an eye to how they have been equipped, that is, lance, shield, a bow with two strings, and twelve arrows. Each of them should have these. Bishops, counts, and abbots should have these men who see to this well, and they should come on the day of the announced assembly and there they should show how they have been equipped. They should have breastplates, helmets, and an army for the season, that is in the summer time.

1700079445

1700079446 Chap. 17. That no one in the army should have a staff, but a bow.）

1700079447

1700079448 32.Gessler, The Cutting and Thrusting Weapons of the Carolingian Period（Die Trutzwaffen der Karolingerzeit），Basel，1908. See also in this connection Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.V，2：63. According to Lindenschmidt, p.151，almost all the bows found in Merovingian graves are 7 feet long. Köhler，3：113，states 5 feet.

1700079449

1700079450 2　萨克森人的降伏

1700079451

1700079452 1.Nithard 4：2.Annales Bertin.for the year 841.

1700079453

1700079454 2.Rübel, The Franks: Their System of Conquest and Settlement（Die Franken, ihr Eroberungs-und Siedelungssystem），p.400，in accordance with the precedent set by Oppermann, Atlas of Low German Fortifications（Atlas niederdeutscher Befestigungen），believes that the large fort, Babilonie, the ruins of which have been preserved, is connected with the battle of Lübbecke in 775. The installation, like all Frankish relay courts, is divided into a smaller, better preserved part, the palatium（palace），and a larger one, the heribergum（army camp），the bivouac for the army. The heribergum of Babilonie has an area of 7½hectares. On the occasion of excavations in the autumn of 1905，however, scholars believe they have determined, on the basis of potsherds, that the stronghold was not a Frankish installation but a Saxon one.

1700079455

1700079456 3.At the northwest end of the Deister can be seen the remains of a Carolingian watchtower, the “Heisterburg，” the construction of which has also been connected with the campaign of 775. Nevertheless, it was not built until later. In the accounts of the rebellion by the Saxons in 776，the chronicles speak only of the conquest of Eresburg and the siege of Sigiburg. See Rübel, Die Franken, p.24，Note.

1700079457

1700079458 4.Rübel supposes that the method of the Franks, which called for marking off specific borders for the communities and thus drawing the wilderness areas which had formerly constituted the borders into the royal domains, also aroused the anger of the Saxon people.

1700079459

1700079460 5.The later German law books governing the vassalge system contain the regulation that the lord is to summon the vassal as much as six weeks before the beginning of the campaign.

1700079461

1700079462 6.Rübel, Royal Courts，（Reichshöfe），p.97，goes too far when he says: “In general, Charles customarily followed the courses of the streams in his campaigns and had his provisions moved up on the waterways.”We have direct evidence of this only for the campaign against the Avars in 791；for the diet at Paderborn in June 785，the provisions may have been moved up on the Lippe in advance. In 790，according to Einhard’s account, Charles moved by ship from Worms to Saltz on the Frankish Saale, where he had a palace, and followed the same route back, thus covering both times a large distance upstream. But many campaigns that we can trace were completely separate from the water routes.

1700079463

1700079464 7.“et dum ibi resideret multotiens scaras misit, et per semet ipsum iter peregit; Saxones, qui rebelles fuerunt, depraedavit et castra coepit et loca eorum munita intervenit et vias mundavit.”（“and while he was residing there, he often sent out his scarae and made a campaign on his own; he plundered the Saxons who were rebels, captured their camp, disrupted their fortified positions, and cleared the roads.”）The “vias mundavit” has previously—and also very recently, by Mühlbacher, German History under the Carolingians（Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern），p.134—been translated as “cleared the routes，” which would therefore be understood as meaning cleared off guerrilla bands or robbers. But this interpretation hardly seems acceptable, since such bands were normally not on the routes but hidden in the countryside. Consequently, I have no doubt at all that Rübel in Royal Courts（Reichshöfe），p.95，is correct when he translates it as “constructed passable routes.”

1700079465

1700079466 8.“On the Origin of the City of Hanover”（“Ueber den Ursprung der Stadt Hannover”），Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen，1903.

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.700079417e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]