1700079440 De hoste pergendi, ut comiti in suo comitatu per bannum unumquemque hominem per sexaginta solidos in hostem pergere bannire studeat, ut ad placitum denuntiatum ad ilium locum ubi iubetur veniant. Et ipse comis praevideat quomodo sint parati, id est lanceam, scutum et arcum cum duas cordas, sagittas duodecim. De his uterque habeant. Et episcopi, comites, abbates hos homines habeant qui hoc bene praevideant et ad diem denuntiati placiti veniant et ibi ostendant quomodo sint parati. Habeant loricas vel galeas et temporalem hostem, id est aestivo tempore.

1700079441

1700079442 Chap. 17. Quod nullus in hoste baculum habeat, sed arcum.

1700079443

1700079444 （When the army is on the march，[we order]that it should be the business of a count to proclaim by edict in his county that each man in lieu of 60 solidi should do military service, and that they should come to the assembly announced at that place where it is commanded. The count himself should have an eye to how they have been equipped, that is, lance, shield, a bow with two strings, and twelve arrows. Each of them should have these. Bishops, counts, and abbots should have these men who see to this well, and they should come on the day of the announced assembly and there they should show how they have been equipped. They should have breastplates, helmets, and an army for the season, that is in the summer time.

1700079445

1700079446 Chap. 17. That no one in the army should have a staff, but a bow.）

1700079447

1700079448 32.Gessler, The Cutting and Thrusting Weapons of the Carolingian Period（Die Trutzwaffen der Karolingerzeit），Basel，1908. See also in this connection Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.V，2：63. According to Lindenschmidt, p.151，almost all the bows found in Merovingian graves are 7 feet long. Köhler，3：113，states 5 feet.

1700079449

1700079450 2　萨克森人的降伏

1700079451

1700079452 1.Nithard 4：2.Annales Bertin.for the year 841.

1700079453

1700079454 2.Rübel, The Franks: Their System of Conquest and Settlement（Die Franken, ihr Eroberungs-und Siedelungssystem），p.400，in accordance with the precedent set by Oppermann, Atlas of Low German Fortifications（Atlas niederdeutscher Befestigungen），believes that the large fort, Babilonie, the ruins of which have been preserved, is connected with the battle of Lübbecke in 775. The installation, like all Frankish relay courts, is divided into a smaller, better preserved part, the palatium（palace），and a larger one, the heribergum（army camp），the bivouac for the army. The heribergum of Babilonie has an area of 7½hectares. On the occasion of excavations in the autumn of 1905，however, scholars believe they have determined, on the basis of potsherds, that the stronghold was not a Frankish installation but a Saxon one.

1700079455

1700079456 3.At the northwest end of the Deister can be seen the remains of a Carolingian watchtower, the “Heisterburg，” the construction of which has also been connected with the campaign of 775. Nevertheless, it was not built until later. In the accounts of the rebellion by the Saxons in 776，the chronicles speak only of the conquest of Eresburg and the siege of Sigiburg. See Rübel, Die Franken, p.24，Note.

1700079457

1700079458 4.Rübel supposes that the method of the Franks, which called for marking off specific borders for the communities and thus drawing the wilderness areas which had formerly constituted the borders into the royal domains, also aroused the anger of the Saxon people.

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1700079460 5.The later German law books governing the vassalge system contain the regulation that the lord is to summon the vassal as much as six weeks before the beginning of the campaign.

1700079461

1700079462 6.Rübel, Royal Courts，（Reichshöfe），p.97，goes too far when he says: “In general, Charles customarily followed the courses of the streams in his campaigns and had his provisions moved up on the waterways.”We have direct evidence of this only for the campaign against the Avars in 791；for the diet at Paderborn in June 785，the provisions may have been moved up on the Lippe in advance. In 790，according to Einhard’s account, Charles moved by ship from Worms to Saltz on the Frankish Saale, where he had a palace, and followed the same route back, thus covering both times a large distance upstream. But many campaigns that we can trace were completely separate from the water routes.

1700079463

1700079464 7.“et dum ibi resideret multotiens scaras misit, et per semet ipsum iter peregit; Saxones, qui rebelles fuerunt, depraedavit et castra coepit et loca eorum munita intervenit et vias mundavit.”（“and while he was residing there, he often sent out his scarae and made a campaign on his own; he plundered the Saxons who were rebels, captured their camp, disrupted their fortified positions, and cleared the roads.”）The “vias mundavit” has previously—and also very recently, by Mühlbacher, German History under the Carolingians（Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern），p.134—been translated as “cleared the routes，” which would therefore be understood as meaning cleared off guerrilla bands or robbers. But this interpretation hardly seems acceptable, since such bands were normally not on the routes but hidden in the countryside. Consequently, I have no doubt at all that Rübel in Royal Courts（Reichshöfe），p.95，is correct when he translates it as “constructed passable routes.”

1700079465

1700079466 8.“On the Origin of the City of Hanover”（“Ueber den Ursprung der Stadt Hannover”），Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen，1903.

1700079467

1700079468 3　加洛林帝国、诺曼人与匈牙利人

1700079469

1700079470 1.Regino, for the year 882：“innumera multitudo peditum ex agris et villis in unum agmen conglobata eos quasi pugnatura aggreditur. Sed Normanni cernentes ignobile vulgus non tantum inerme quantum disciplina militari nudatum tanta caeda presternum, ut bruta animalia, non homines mactari viderentur.”（“A countless number of men on foot from the countryside and the villages massed into one column approached them as if about to attack. But the Normans, seeing that it was a low-born crowd not so much unarmed as deprived of training, overthrew them with so great a slaughter that dumb animals, not men, seemed to be killed.”）

1700079471

1700079472 第二篇　鼎盛时期的封建国家

1700079473

1700079474 1　加洛林帝国覆灭后国家的形成

1700079475

1700079476 1.In “Les grandes families comtales à l’époque carlovingienne，”Revue historique，72（1900）：72，Poupardin has shown that the number of these families was rather small. Most of them traced their origins to Austrasia and were located in the most varied parts of the kingdom. They were closely interrelated. They often had properties in very different regions. That point was very important in the divisions into the various nations, since a person who had fallen into disfavor could easily move to another part of the kingdom. For this reason, the kings would not tolerate a person’s having fiefs simultaneously in various parts of the kingdom.

1700079477

1700079478 In “Social and Political Importance of the Control of Lands in the Early Middle Ages”（“Soziale und politische Bedeutung der Grundherrschaft im früheren Mittelalter”），Abhandlungen der historischen-philosophischen Klasse der Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft, Vol.22，Seeliger has successfully explained, in my opinion, that the significance of the privileges for the formation of the great lords’areas has been exaggerated. The important aspect of the public power always remained with the counties, and it was from them, and not from the great domains, that the later authorities of the nation sprang.

1700079479

1700079480 This point alone also explains why such small differences are to be seen between the Romanic and Germanic areas, a point that Seeliger did not raise. He also passed over the fundamental fact that the position of count became a fief and why this occurred, but these points can easily be added to his explanation to complete the basic concept. This is not the place to go into the special controversies that Seeliger’s studies have touched off.

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1700079482 2.In Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts，17（1896）: 165，Rodenberg quite correctly observes that Henry did not introduce anything completely new, but he holds fast to the idea that he did not just simply revive Carolingian arrangements. It would also be a false concept to say that he only “revived old arrangements.” In the first place, even a “simple renewal” always brings some changes of detail, and in the second place, the principal point is the great reinforcement of military power associated with the renewal, which was, of course, accompanied by very heavy new burdens（as, for example, the reorganization of the Prussian army by William I）. The accomplishment was therefore an important political deed.

1700079483

1700079484 3.In this connection, see also the excursus of Chapter II, Book III, below，“German Combat Methods on Foot and Horseback，” p.291.

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1700079486 4.Waitz, Heinrich I，3d ed.，p.101 and elsewhere.

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1700079488 5.Nitzsch, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes，1：306.

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