1700079503

1700079504 12.The last point represents Waitz’s opinion. Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte，8：133.

1700079505

1700079506 13.Baltzer, On the History of the German Military System（Zur Geschichte des deutschen Kriegswesens），Chap.1，Sect.5，“The Strengths of the Contingents，” has already correctly recognized and given an excellent discussion of these conditions. I refer the reader to his work for the details and the cited passages. The only point on which I disagree is that Baltzer pictures the situation, as I have described it, as existing only from Henry IV on, and he believes that in earlier periods definite numbers, differing according to the situation, had been required, as in the order of Otto II. For my part, I date the feudal organization, which only exceptionally necessitated the use of such specific numerical requirements, as early as the period of Henry I and thereafter.

1700079507

1700079508 14.Jaffé，Bibl.，1：514.

1700079509

1700079510 15.Bibliography on this subject is to be found in Brunner, Principal Features of German Legal History（Grundzüge der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte），2d ed.，p. III, and Waitz, Verfassungsgeschichte, V，2d ed.，p.342.

1700079511

1700079512 Of particular importance in this connection are the Latin and German versions of the Laws for the Serving Men of the Archbishop of Cologne（Recht der Dienstmannen des Erzbischofs von Köln），ed.Frensdorff，1883，as well as the “constitutio de expeditione Romana”（“Ordinance concerning a Roman expedition”），although the latter, presumably a decree of Charlemagne, is fraudulent. According to Scheffer-Boichorst, Zeitschrift für Geschichte des Oberrheins，42（1888）：173，repeated in the collection On the History of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries（Zur Geschichte des 12.und 13. Jahrhunderts），1897，this fraudulent document was composed around 1154 in the monastery of Reichenau in Swabia. The purpose was to specify, in the interest of the authorities, the obligations and rights of the ministeriales of the monastery, who were full of demands. Reprinted in M.G. LL，2.2.2. See also “Das Weissenburger Dienstrecht” in Giesebrecht, History of the German Imperial Period（Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit），Vol.II, appendix.

1700079513

1700079514 16.Schöpflin, Alsatia diplomatica，1：226. Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte，8：156.

1700079515

1700079516 17.When Ladislaus of Bohemia levied his men in 1158 for the march to Italy, they were initially very dissatisfied, but when he explained that those who did not want to go would be allowed to stay at home, while those who went on the expedition had the prospect of rewards and honors, they all eagerly accepted the call.

1700079517

1700079518 18.It is stated in this way in the “Service Regulations of Vercelli of 1154”（“Dienstrecht von Vercelli vom Jahre 1154”），published by Scheffer-Boichorst, Zur Geschichte des 12.und 13. Jahrhunderts, p.21：“Illam securitatem, quam dominus fecerit regi secundum suum ordinem, illam securitatem debent facere vasalli super evangelio domino episcopo de expeditione Romana.”（“That guarantee which a lord will have made to the king, according to his own rank, vassals ought to make to their Christian lord bishop in regard to a Roman expedition.”）

1700079519

1700079520 19.On 7 November 1234，Pope Gregory IX required that a number of German princes should march to join him in the following March “te personaliter decenti militia comitatum, quae in expensis tuis per tres menses praeter tempus, quo veniet et recedet … commoratur”（“you in person by the proper military service of the office of counts, which lasts at your expense for three months in addition to the time in which you will come and return …”）. Huillard-Bréholles，4：513. In November 1247，Emperor Frederick ordered the Tuscan cities to send the knights their trimonthly pay. Huillard-Bréholles，6：576. A dubious document of Frederick’s, supposedly dating from May 1243，confirmed to a certain knight Matthäus Vulpilla the property granted to his family by King William in return for providing “unius militis equitis armati per tres menses continuo infra regnum, cum necesu erit”（“one armed horseman for three months in succession within the realm when it will be necessary”）. Huillard-Bréholles，6：939.

1700079521

1700079522 20.Guilhiermoz, Essai sur l’origine de la noblesse, p.276，believes that the forty-day service was first introduced by Henry II for Normandy and was then extended to the other possessions of the Plantagenets. In other French areas, he believes, there developed the legal custom for military service to be provided from the start at the expense of the lord.

1700079523

1700079524 21.With respect to these conditions, see Boutaric, Institutions militaires de la France avant les armées permanentes, p.126 ff. On p.233，Boutaric mentions a “coutume d’Albigeois”（“custom of the region of Albi”），from Martène, Thesaur.nov.anecdot.，1：834，according to which a vassal who did not bring along the prescribed number of men to the levy had to pay, as punishment for each missing warrior, double the amount of the man’s pay.

1700079525

1700079526 22.Waitz，8：162.

1700079527

1700079528 23.According to the so-called constitutio de expeditione Romana, M.G. LL.，2.2.2.

1700079529

1700079530 24.Boutaric, Institutions militaires de la France, has collected the passages on this subject on pp.191 ff. He says that complete lists of the feudal levies do not exist, but those that have survived show how small the obligations of the great vassals were. Under Philip Augustus, the duke of Brittany provided forty knights, Anjou forty, Flanders forty-two, the Boulonnais seven, Ponthieu sixteen, Saint Pol eight, Artois eighteen, Vermandois twenty-four, Picardy thirty, Parisis and Orléanais eightynine, and Touraine fifty-five.

1700079531

1700079532 From the time of Henry I（1152-1181），the counts of Champagne had lists made of their vassals, extracts from which have been passed down to us. Published in D’Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire des ducs et comtes de Champagne, Vol.II，1860.

1700079533

1700079534 The first of these lists shows a total of 2，030 knights（milites）. They provided the king with twelve bannerets.

1700079535

1700079536 Normandy had 581 knights in the service of the king and 1，500 in the service of the barons.

1700079537

1700079538 In 1294，Brittany had 166 knights（chevaliers，écuyers et archers），who were obligated to participate in the expedition. According to another source, there were 166 knights and 17 squires（écuyers）. Brittany was obligated to provide only 40 for the king.

1700079539

1700079540 2　莱希菲尔德会战

1700079541

1700079542 1.Mon.Germ. SS.，3.408.

1700079543

1700079544 2.Gerhardi, Vita S. Oudalrici（Life of Saint Oudalricus），SS.，4.377.

1700079545

1700079546 3.Flodoard, SS.，III.

1700079547

1700079548 4.Steichele, The Diocese of Augsburg（Das Bistum Augsburg），2（1864）：491，and L. Brunner, The Invasions of the Hungarians in Germany（Die Einfälle der Ungarn in Deutschland），1855，p.38.

1700079549

1700079550 5.Attempts have been made to reconcile Widukind’s report that the Hungarians crossed the Lech and the fact that they were already on the left bank with the assumption that the battle, nevertheless, took place on the left bank. This explanation is based on the assumption that the reference to the Hungarians was only to those who attacked the Germans in the rear before the actual battle and that, consequently, only a part of them crossed the river, only to cross it for a second time near its mouth, thus falling on the Germans from the rear.A special example of this belief is to be found in Wyneken in his Studies on German History（Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte），Vol.21，where he effectively corrects many of the errors made by others but in this case obviously falls from analysis into pure harmonistics. Widukind’s meaning is clear, namely, that the entire Hungarian army crossed the river to do battle, and not simply a part of the army crossed for the purpose of an envelopment and then returned. If anyone wishes to eliminate Widukind’s testimony to the effect that the Hungarians crossed the Lech before the battle（“Ungarii nihil cunctantes Lech fluvium transierunt”：“The Hungarians crossed the Lech River without any delay at all”）in order to be able to place the battle on the left bank, the only consistent possibility is to assume, as I have done above, that Widukind, who makes no mention of the siege, meant the first crossing.

1700079551

1700079552 6.Annales Palidenses（Annals of Pöhlde），SS.，16.60：“ad clivum, qui dicitur Gunzenle”（“toward the hill which is called Gunzenlee”）. Chronicon Eberspergense（Chronicle of Ebersberg），SS.，25.869：“Locus autem certaminis usque in hodiernum diem super fluvium Licum, id est Lech, latino eloquio nominatur Conciolegis, vulgares vero dicunt Gunzenlen.”（“The site of the battle, however, on the river Licum, that is the Lech, is called up to the present day by its Latin name Conciolegis; the common people in fact say Gunzenlen.”）Steichele, in Das Bistum Augsburg，2：491，reports that the hill no longer exists.

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