1700079673

1700079674 10.“Inexperienced in war, without horses, almost without arms and naked, and not even having daily supplies, they underwent many desperate straits and returned to their own land without glory.”*

1700079675

1700079676 11.Neumann, pp.60，68. Gustave Schlumberger, Nicéphore Phocas, Paris，1890，pp.532-533. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, p.985.

1700079677

1700079678 12.Neumann, p.67，presumes that the west, more thickly inhabited by barbarians, lagged behind the east culturally and was therefore incapable of paying taxes in currency.

1700079679

1700079680 13.Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：170.

1700079681

1700079682 14.Book IV, Chap.4，Ed. Bonn, p.134.

1700079683

1700079684 15.Taken from the listing in Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs，1：552，674，which includes, however, a few cases that are not completely confirmed.

1700079685

1700079686 8　阿拉伯人

1700079687

1700079688 1.In the Cultural History of the Orient under the Caliphs（Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen），by Alfred von Kremer（Vienna，1875），there is a chapter on the military system（pp.203-255）in which the source reports are assembled quite completely but without analysis and without any military-objective understanding. I have not drawn anything from this work.

1700079689

1700079690 2.August Müller, Geschichte des Islam，1：31.

1700079691

1700079692 3.Wellhausen，“Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam，”Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Phil. Hist. Kl.，New Series，5.2.10.

1700079693

1700079694 4.Edited and translated by F. Wüstenfeld in the Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Vol.26（1880）. This work consists in part of a translation and revision of Aelian’s Tactics and must therefore, of course, be used with caution.

1700079695

1700079696 5.Müller，1：164.

1700079697

1700079698 6.Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen，1：30.

1700079699

1700079700 7.Weil，1：60.

1700079701

1700079702 8.Müller, p.238.

1700079703

1700079704 9.Müller, p.243.

1700079705

1700079706 10.Müller，1：252，note.

1700079707

1700079708 11.Müller，1：222.

1700079709

1700079710 12.Of course, not in one move. The events took place in the following sequence: in 641 the Arabs conquered Egypt; in 643 or 644 they took Tripoli. In 648-649 Moawija, as governor of Syria, built a fleet. The governor of Egypt did likewise. In 647-648 the latter, with 20，000 men, conquered Carthage but then left the country again. In the following decades, frequent raids were made from Tripoli into Tunis. In 683 the Arabs suffered a defeat, lost Tripoli, and were thrown back to Barca. In 696 Hassan arrived with 40，000 men and stormed Carthage. After a few reverses, when a Greek fleet was in action, the subjugation of the entire area up to the ocean was completed between 706 and 709. The Berbers joined Islam.

1700079711

1700079712 13.Cited by Wüstenfeld, p.24. See also p.27，where the temptation to break out of ranks in battle is expressly opposed with an indication for the necessary obedience.

1700079713

1700079714 14.Weil，1：42.

1700079715

1700079716 9　十字军东征综述

1700079717

1700079718 1.“Army Strengths in the Crusades”（“Die Heereszahlen in den Kreuzzügen”），Berlin dissertation，1907（Georg Nauck, publisher）. This work studies particularly the Third and Fourth Crusades.

1700079719

1700079720 2.Opera St.Bernhardi（Works of St. Bernard），ed. Mabillon，1：549. From the translation in Wilcken, Kreuzzüge，2：555.

1700079721

1700079722 3.The principal source for the knightly orders is found in the statutes with their later supplements, the various editions of which and all the related subject matter have been completely clarified only in the last few decades. See Schnürer, The Original Regulations of the Knights Templars（Die ursprüngliche Templerregel）.（In the Studien und Darstellungen auf dem Gebiet der Geschichte, edited by Grauert，3：1-2）. Freiburg，1903. The Regulations of the Templars（La Règie du Temple），Paris，1886，contains a critical editing by E.de Curzon. With this edition as a base, the reading of this work has been made available to a broad public in the most praiseworthy way by a translation in the book Die Templerregel, translated from the Old French and accompanied by explanatory notes by Dr. R. Körner, Jena，1902. As an appendix to his Cultural History of the Crusades（Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge），Prutz reprinted the Regulations of the Order of St. John, in Latin. The Regulations of the Teutonic Order, with all the Supplementary Laws and Customs（Die Regel des deutschen Ordens, mit alien nachträglichen Gesetzen und Gewohnheiten）was published in exemplary fashion in the five texts in which it has been retained（Latin, French, Dutch, German, and Low German）by Perlbach, Halle，1890.

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.700079673e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]