1700079697

1700079698 6.Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen，1：30.

1700079699

1700079700 7.Weil，1：60.

1700079701

1700079702 8.Müller, p.238.

1700079703

1700079704 9.Müller, p.243.

1700079705

1700079706 10.Müller，1：252，note.

1700079707

1700079708 11.Müller，1：222.

1700079709

1700079710 12.Of course, not in one move. The events took place in the following sequence: in 641 the Arabs conquered Egypt; in 643 or 644 they took Tripoli. In 648-649 Moawija, as governor of Syria, built a fleet. The governor of Egypt did likewise. In 647-648 the latter, with 20，000 men, conquered Carthage but then left the country again. In the following decades, frequent raids were made from Tripoli into Tunis. In 683 the Arabs suffered a defeat, lost Tripoli, and were thrown back to Barca. In 696 Hassan arrived with 40，000 men and stormed Carthage. After a few reverses, when a Greek fleet was in action, the subjugation of the entire area up to the ocean was completed between 706 and 709. The Berbers joined Islam.

1700079711

1700079712 13.Cited by Wüstenfeld, p.24. See also p.27，where the temptation to break out of ranks in battle is expressly opposed with an indication for the necessary obedience.

1700079713

1700079714 14.Weil，1：42.

1700079715

1700079716 9　十字军东征综述

1700079717

1700079718 1.“Army Strengths in the Crusades”（“Die Heereszahlen in den Kreuzzügen”），Berlin dissertation，1907（Georg Nauck, publisher）. This work studies particularly the Third and Fourth Crusades.

1700079719

1700079720 2.Opera St.Bernhardi（Works of St. Bernard），ed. Mabillon，1：549. From the translation in Wilcken, Kreuzzüge，2：555.

1700079721

1700079722 3.The principal source for the knightly orders is found in the statutes with their later supplements, the various editions of which and all the related subject matter have been completely clarified only in the last few decades. See Schnürer, The Original Regulations of the Knights Templars（Die ursprüngliche Templerregel）.（In the Studien und Darstellungen auf dem Gebiet der Geschichte, edited by Grauert，3：1-2）. Freiburg，1903. The Regulations of the Templars（La Règie du Temple），Paris，1886，contains a critical editing by E.de Curzon. With this edition as a base, the reading of this work has been made available to a broad public in the most praiseworthy way by a translation in the book Die Templerregel, translated from the Old French and accompanied by explanatory notes by Dr. R. Körner, Jena，1902. As an appendix to his Cultural History of the Crusades（Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge），Prutz reprinted the Regulations of the Order of St. John, in Latin. The Regulations of the Teutonic Order, with all the Supplementary Laws and Customs（Die Regel des deutschen Ordens, mit alien nachträglichen Gesetzen und Gewohnheiten）was published in exemplary fashion in the five texts in which it has been retained（Latin, French, Dutch, German, and Low German）by Perlbach, Halle，1890.

1700079723

1700079724 第三篇　中世纪盛期

1700079725

1700079726 1　骑士种姓

1700079727

1700079728 1.See Richard Schroeder, Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte, Germanische Abteilung，24.347，“The Old Saxon People’s Nobility and the Landowner Theory”（“Der altsächsische Volksadel und die grundherrliche Theorie”）.

1700079729

1700079730 2.Richer, for the years 930 and 888. SS.，3.584. Bonitho, Jaffé 2：639.

1700079731

1700079732 3.Wipo, Chap.4.

1700079733

1700079734 4.Bruno, Chap.88. Cosmas II, Chap.25，for the year 1087. A document of Emperor Lothair of the year 1134 distinguished between “ordo equestris major et minor”（“greater and lesser equestrian rank”），cited by Schröder, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, p.430；“milites tam majors quam minores”（“greater as well as lesser knights”），Gesta Consulum Andegavensium（Deeds of the Counts of Anjou），ed. Bouquet，10.254；“milites plebei”（“soldiers of the people”）in Raymond of Agiles, Recueil des histoires des Croisades，3：274.

1700079735

1700079736 5.This is correctly expressed by Waitz，5：439，where still more examples are cited（also p.398，Note 4）. When he adds, however, that it cannot be said with certainty with which meanings the expressions were used, I can see no basis for this doubt. Legal meanings, everybody agrees, are not intended; the factual, social relationships that are meant, however, are entirely clear. Source citations are also to be found in Köhler, Ritterzeit，3：20.

1700079737

1700079738 6.Cited by Harnack, Militia Christi（Service of Christ），p.84，note: “ut plurimi ex ipsis adderentur ad fidem domini nostri Jesu Christi derelicto militiae cingulo”（“that most of them should be added to the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ after the belt of military service has been given up”）.

1700079739

1700079740 7.Gesta Cons. Andegavensium, ed. Bouquet, Recueil，10：254. It is recounted that the inhabitants of a castle under attack “cingulis militaribus accincti armisque protecti ad pugnam se more militum castrensium paraverunt”（“girded with military belts and protected by arms, they prepared themselves for battle like the knights of a castle”）and made a sortie. The knight’s belt plays a role in this incident, in that it creates the deceptive appearance that knights are coming and attacking.

1700079741

1700079742 The purple or scarlet cloak which is often mentioned（Abbo repeatedly; Ruotger, vita Brunonis, Chap. 30，vita Heinrici IV, Chap.8; Chronicle of Monte Casino for the Year 1137）I am not willing to count, as does Baltzer, p.5，as a specific part of the knightly garb, since it is expressly stated that, when the knights are too poor, they must be satisfied with the cloak in its natural color.（Vita Heinrici IV, Chap 8.）We also read（Guiart，2.698 cited in Alwin Schultz，2：313，Note 3）that the knights on taking the cross, renounce any elegance in their clothing and put on simple, dark garments. They were not willing, however, to lay aside a symbol of their rank, but only the elegant attire.

1700079743

1700079744 8.At any rate, that is what one finds often recounted in modern works, although I have not been able to find the original source therefor, and in works on legal history nothing on such an order is to be found, no more so than in the special works on Louis VI. Daniel, History of the French Militia（Histoire de la Milice Française），1724. Boutaric, French Military Institutions（Institutions militaires de la France），1863. Boutaric, The Feudal System. Review of historic questions（Le regime féodal. Revue des questions historiques），Vol.XVIII，1875. Glasson, History of the Law and Institutions of France（Histoire du droit et des institutions de la France），1891. A. Luchaire, Manual of French Institutions, period of the direct line of Capetians（Manuel des institutions franchises, période des Capétiens directs），1892. Luchaire, History of the Monarchical Institutions of France（Histoire des institutions monarchiques de la France），Tome III（also under the title Studies on the Acts of Louis VII[Etudes sur les actes de Louis VII]，1885）. Luchaire, Louis VI, Annales de sa vie，1890.

1700079745

1700079746 9.“De filiis quoque sacerdotum dyaconorum ac rusticorum statuimus, ne cingulum militare aliquatenus assumat, et qui jam assumserunt, per judicem provintiae a militia pellantur.”（“We also decree concerning the sons of priests, deacons, and peasants that they should not assume the knightly belt to any extent, and those who have already assumed it should be banished from military service by the judge of the province.”）LL，2. 185.

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