1700079817

1700079818 34.Köhler，3.2.6 and 3.2.135，claims that the city knights did not count in the warrior class because they did not belong to a vassal group, were not vassals or ministeriales. That is conceptually false; one can be a warrior without being an enfeoffed vassal.

1700079819

1700079820 35.Roth, Ritterwürde, p.197. Strangely enough, the raising to the nobility did not come about in France until the end of the thirteenth century. In 1271 Philip III raised a goldsmith to the nobility. Warnkönig and Stein, French Political and Legal History（Französische Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte），1：250. Daniel, Milice franchise，1：74.

1700079821

1700079822 36.The last quotations are from von Wedel, Germany’s Knighthood（Deutschlands Ritterschaft）.

1700079823

1700079824 37.Otto von Freisingen, Deeds of Frederick II（Taten Friedrichs II.），Chap.18：“At ille, cum se plebejum diceret, in eodemque ordine velle remanere, sufficere sibi conditionem suam.”（“But he, since he said he was a commoner and wanted to remain in the same rank, and his own class was enough for him …”）In the Ligurinus，2.580，the story is recounted in the following way:

1700079825

1700079826 Strator erat de plebe quidem nec nomine multum

1700079827

1700079828 Vulgato, modica in castris mercede merebat.

1700079829

1700079830 （There was a common groom, to be sure not a man of well-known name, And he worked for small wages in the castle.）

1700079831

1700079832 Frederick wants to give him（v. 610）

1700079833

1700079834 titulos et nomen equestre

1700079835

1700079836 Armaque, cornipedesque feros, cultusque nitentes.

1700079837

1700079838 （titles and knightly name And arms, wild horses, and beautiful clothes.）

1700079839

1700079840 38.According to Guilhiermoz, Essai sur l’origine de la noblesse française, p.372. As a precursor of this formula, Guilhiermoz cites a letter from Pope Zacharias in the year 747 to the mayor of the palace and later king, Pepin, in which he says: “Laymen and warriors have as their calling the defense of the land, priests the giving of counsel and praying.”The pope does not mention the people, the common mass, at all. They form, in the sources of that day, the unwarlike, unarmed species（“imbelle, inerme vulgus”），which the warriors are to protect like cattle from the wolves.

1700079841

1700079842 39.Rust，“The Training of the Knight in the Old French Epic”（“Die Erziehung des Ritters in der altfranzösischen Epik”），Berlin dissertaion，1888，adds nothing new.

1700079843

1700079844 40.Eodem anno（1178）rex Angliae pater transfretavit de Normannia in Angliam，&apud Wodestocke fecit Gaufridum filium suum, Comitem Britanniae, militem: qui statim post susceptionem militaris officii transfretavit de Anglia in Normanniam, et in confinibus Franciae&Normanniae militaribus exercitiis operam praestans gaudebat se bonis militibus aequiparari. Et eo magis ac magis probitatis suae gloriam quaesivit, quo fratres suos, Henricum videlicet regem，&Richardum Comitem Pictavis in armis militaribus plus fiorere cognovit. Et erat his mens una, videlicet, plus caeteris posse in armis: scientes, quod ars bellandi, si non praeluditur, cum fuerit necessaria non habetur. Nec potest athlete magnos spiritus ad certamen afferre, qui nunquam suggilatus est. Ille qui sanguinem suum vidit; cuius denies crepuerunt sub pugno; ille qui supplantatus aduersarium toto tulit corpore, nec proiecit animum proiectus; qui quotiens cecidit, contumacior surrexit, cum magna spe descendit ad pugnam. Multum enim adiicit sibi virtus lacessita; fugitiva gloria est mens subiecta terrori. Sine culpa vincitur oneris immensitate, qui ad portandam sarcinam etsi impar, tamen devotus occurrit. Bene solvuntur sudoris praemia, ubi sunt templa Victoriae.

1700079845

1700079846 Hoveden, ed. Stubbs，2：166. According to Stubbs, the maxims are all from Seneca.

1700079847

1700079848 41.See Rabanus Maurus below in the chapter “Theory，”Book IV.

1700079849

1700079850 42.The preceding citations are from von Wedel, Deutschlands Ritterschaft, and Alwin Schultz, The Courtly Life（Das höfische Leben），1：170.

1700079851

1700079852 43.Cited in Guilhiermoz, Essai sur l’origine de la noblesse française, p.433，Note 60.

1700079853

1700079854 44.Roth von Schreckenstein, The Knightly Dignity and the Knightly Class（Ritterwürde und Ritterstand），p.167，as taken from Ennodius.

1700079855

1700079856 45.Nithard，3：6.

1700079857

1700079858 46.Alwin Schultz, Das höfische Leben，2：108.

1700079859

1700079860 47.There are two thorough and fruitful source studies on tour-naments: F. Niedner, The German Tournament in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries（Das deutsche Turnier im 12.und 13.Jahrhundert），Berlin，1881，and Becker, Armed Games（Waffenspiele），Düren Program，1887.

1700079861

1700079862 48.24 July 1230.Huill. Bréholles，3：202. Only fragments of this document have survived.

1700079863

1700079864 49.Konstanzer Chronik. Mone, Collected Sources（Quelle-nsammlung），1：310.

1700079865

1700079866 50.Roth von Schreckenstein, Ritterstand, p.661.

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