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1700079912 Novi vero, quamquam in terra sua milites egregii fuerint, et armis instructissimi, Gallica tamen militia multum ab Hibernica, sicut et a Kambrica distare dinoscitur. Ibi namque plana petuntur, hie aspera; ibi campestria hic silvestria; ibi arma honori, hic oneri; ibi stabilitate vincitur hic agilitate; ibi capiuntur milites, hic decapitantur; ibi redimuntur, hic perimuntur.（As in truth I know, although knights were outstanding in their own land and most learned in arms, French military service, however, is known to differ greatly from the Irish as well as the Welsh. And in fact there level areas are sought, here rough; there open fields, here forests; there armor is an honor, here a burden; there they conquer by steadfastness, here by nimbleness; there knights are captured, here they are decapitated; there they are ransomed, here they are killed.）

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1700079914 Sicut igitur ubi militares acies de piano conveniunt, gravis ilia et multiplex armatura, tam linea scilicet quam ferrea, milites egregrie munit et ornat, sic ubi solum in arcto confligitur, seu loco silvestri seu palulustri, ubi pedites potius quam equites locum habent, longe levis armatura praestantior. Contra inermes namque viros, quibus semper in primo fere impetu vel parta est statim vel perdita victoria, expeditiora satis arma suffìciunt; ubi fugitivam et agilem per arcta vel aspera gentem sola necesse est gravi quadam et armata mediocriter agilitate confundi.（Therefore, just as when knightly units assemble on a plain, that heavy multiple armor, obviously linen as well as iron, offers the knights outstanding protection and decorates them, so where they fight only in a confined area, a forest or a swamp, where the foot soldiers rather than the horsemen have che advantage, light armament is by far preferable. In fact, against unarmored men, by whom almost always in the first attack victory is immediately gained or lost, lighter equipment suffices. When they fight a swift and nimble nation in a confined or rough terrain, it is necessary that some heavily armed and moderately armed be confounded by their quickness.）

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1700079916 Cum ilia nimirum armature multiplici, sellisque recurvis et aids, difficile descenditur, difficilius ascenditur, difficillime, cum opus est, pedibus itur.（Of course, with that multiple armor and high curved saddles it is difficult to dismount, more difficult to mount, and most difficult to proceed on foot when necessary.）

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1700079918 In omni igitur expeditione, sive Hibernica sive Kambrica gens in Kambriae marchia nutrita, gens hostilibus partium illarum conflictibus exercitata, competentissima; puta formatis a convict moribus, audax et expedita, cum alea; Martis exegerit, nunc equis habilis, nunc pedibus agilis inventa; cibo potuque non delicata, tarn Cerere quam Baccho, causis urgentibus, abstinere parata. Talibus Hibernia viris initium habuit expugnationis talibus quoque consummabilis finem habitura conquisitionis. Ut igitur “Singula quaeque locum teneant sortita decenter，”

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1700079920 contra graves et armatos, solumque virium robore, et armorum ope confisos, de piano dimicare, victoriamque vi obtinere contendentes, armatis quoque viris et viribus opus hic esse procul dubio protestamur. Contra leves autem et agiles, et aspera pedentes, levis armaturae viri taliumque praesertina exercitati congressibus adhibendi.（Therefore in every campaign, whether the nation is Irish or Welsh, reared on the borderland of Wales, the nation is practiced and most capable in the hostile conflicts of this area, pure by the habits formed from its way of life, bold and ready with risk, found expert with horses at one time and quick on foot at another as the conflict demands, not fastidious in food and drink, and prepared to abstain from bread as well as wine when affairs are pressing. With such men Ireland faced the beginning of the campaign and complete with such men Ireland was going to face the end of the conquest. Therefore, so that “all things properly allotted may have their place，”

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1700079922 we declare without hesitation that against heavily armored men relying only on the strength of force and the aid of arms, and hastening to fight on a plain and to gain victory by force, there is also need here of armored men and strength.Against light-armed men and quick men, however, traversing rough terrain, lightarmed men trained in the effectiveness of such matters must be used for battle.）

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1700079924 In Hibernicis autem conflictibus et hoc summopefe curandum, ut semper arcarii militaribus turmis mixtim adjiciantur. Quatinus et lapidum, quorum ictibus graves et armatos cominus oppetere solent, et indemnes agilitatis beneficio, crebris accedere vicibus et acscedere, e diverso sagittis injuria propulsetur.（In Irish battles, however, you must greatly see to it that archers should be added in mixed fashion to knightly units since by benefit of their quickness they can safely attack and retreat repeatedly, and they may inflict injury with stones, by the blows of which they are accustomed to attack the heavily armored, and in a different manner with arrows.）

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1700079926 7.Gewohnheiten, Chap.61. Perlbach, p.116.

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1700079928 8.Gislebert, Chron. Han. M.G. SS.，21.522，describes a fight between Count Baldwin of Hainaut and the duke of Burgundy（1172）. Baldwin armed his “armigeri et garciones”（“squires and grooms”）so that they could defend themselves as foot soldiers. Delpech，1：306，understands that for this purpose he had them dismount. This point has been rejected by Köhler，3：2：83.There is no indication that they were mounted. And even if they should have been mounted, it was perhaps correct, as we have seen, to have them fight on foot. The passage reads as follows:

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1700079930 Cum comes Hanonienis in parte sua quinque terre sue milites secum haberet, et ex adversa parte eum duce Burgundie Henrico quamplures in superbia nimia, servientibus peditibus stipati, advenirent, comes Hanoniensis vivido ac prudente animo assumpto de armigeris suis et garcionibus clientes pedites ordinavit et eos quibus potuit armis quasi ad defensionem contra multos preparavit militibusque multis ex adversa parte constitutis viriliter restitit et eos expugnavit.（When the count of Hainaut on his side had five knights of his domain with him and on the enemy side a great many in excessive arrogance accompanied by sergeants as foot soldiers came against him with Henry the duke of Burgundy, the count of Hainaut, quickly hitting upon a sensible idea, ranged his squires and grooms as men-at-arms on foot and equipped them for defense against the many with what arms he could. After the many knights of the hostile party had been deployed, he resisted them bravely and defeated them.）

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1700079932 9.It is noteworthy in several respects that Vegetius（2.17 and 3.14）attributes this passive-defensive role to the infantry. He cannot have derived this from the classical Roman authors, for, of course, it was precisely through its offensive, its closed attack, that the ancient legion was most effective. If Vegetius explains this in the opposite manner, then he has taken that from his own contemporary period, and that is again proof that the true Roman method of warfare no longer existed in his time and that warfare then already had the character of the Middle Ages. This point has already been correctly observed by Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：186. It has, of course, been known for a long time that Vegetius had no sensitivity for the various periods. It would be a work of the highest value if someone succeeded, through a very careful analysis, in differentiating the various elements of his work from one another. But will that ever be possible?

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1700079934 10.In another passage, Chap.XVIII, para.69，it is recommended, on the contrary, that the horsemen be placed behind the foot soldiers when opposing the Turks. It is not clear how that is intended.

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1700079936 11.The passage in Gesta Roberti Wiscardi（Deeds of Robert Guiscard），I, v.260 ff.，which is interesting in a number of respects, reads as follows:

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1700079938 Artmati pedites dextrum laevumque monentur

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1700079940 Circumstare latus, aliquod sociantur equestres

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1700079942 Firmior ut peditum plebs sit comitantibus illis.

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1700079944 His interdicunt omnino recedere campo

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1700079946 Ut recipi valeant, si forte fugentur as hoste.

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1700079948 （The armed foot soldiers are instructed to surround the right and left flanks, and some horsemen are joined to them so that the mass of the foot soldiers may be stronger with their support. He absolutely forbids them to retreat from the field so that they can be rescued, if they should be put to flight by the enemy.）

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1700079950 12.“Tribus aciebus antepositis manus pedestris, ut has protegat et ab his protegatur, retro sistitur.”（“The band of foot soldiers stood in the rear with a triple battle line drawn up before it to protect them and to be protected by them.”）In the edition by Prutz, Source Contributions to the History of the Crusades（Quellenbeiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge），1：44.

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1700079952 Radulf, Gesta Tancredi（Deeds of Tancred），Chap. 32（Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Occidentaux: Collection of the Historians of the Crusades. Occidentals，3：629）reports of the fleeing Turks: “nec fuga gyrum senserunt, adeo fugere est sperare salutem.”（“Nor in their flight did they even think of turning, to such an extent to flee is to hope for safety.”）According to the account, this refers to horsemen whom we cannot imagine as forming a tight group. That can perhaps be explained by the fact that the poet in his holy inspiration inadvertently attributed to the horsemen a picture from the actions of the fighters on foot.

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1700079954 13.William the Briton, Philippis, Book XI, verses 605-612（Duchesne，5：238）:

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1700079956 In peditum vallo totiens impune receptus

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1700079958 Nulla parte Comes metuebat ab hoste noceri

1700079959

1700079960 Hastatos etenim pedites invadere nostri

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