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9.It is noteworthy in several respects that Vegetius(2.17 and 3.14)attributes this passive-defensive role to the infantry. He cannot have derived this from the classical Roman authors, for, of course, it was precisely through its offensive, its closed attack, that the ancient legion was most effective. If Vegetius explains this in the opposite manner, then he has taken that from his own contemporary period, and that is again proof that the true Roman method of warfare no longer existed in his time and that warfare then already had the character of the Middle Ages. This point has already been correctly observed by Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften,1:186. It has, of course, been known for a long time that Vegetius had no sensitivity for the various periods. It would be a work of the highest value if someone succeeded, through a very careful analysis, in differentiating the various elements of his work from one another. But will that ever be possible?
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10.In another passage, Chap.XVIII, para.69,it is recommended, on the contrary, that the horsemen be placed behind the foot soldiers when opposing the Turks. It is not clear how that is intended.
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11.The passage in Gesta Roberti Wiscardi(Deeds of Robert Guiscard),I, v.260 ff.,which is interesting in a number of respects, reads as follows:
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Artmati pedites dextrum laevumque monentur
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Circumstare latus, aliquod sociantur equestres
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Firmior ut peditum plebs sit comitantibus illis.
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His interdicunt omnino recedere campo
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Ut recipi valeant, si forte fugentur as hoste.
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(The armed foot soldiers are instructed to surround the right and left flanks, and some horsemen are joined to them so that the mass of the foot soldiers may be stronger with their support. He absolutely forbids them to retreat from the field so that they can be rescued, if they should be put to flight by the enemy.)
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12.“Tribus aciebus antepositis manus pedestris, ut has protegat et ab his protegatur, retro sistitur.”(“The band of foot soldiers stood in the rear with a triple battle line drawn up before it to protect them and to be protected by them.”)In the edition by Prutz, Source Contributions to the History of the Crusades(Quellenbeiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge),1:44.
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Radulf, Gesta Tancredi(Deeds of Tancred),Chap. 32(Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Occidentaux: Collection of the Historians of the Crusades. Occidentals,3:629)reports of the fleeing Turks: “nec fuga gyrum senserunt, adeo fugere est sperare salutem.”(“Nor in their flight did they even think of turning, to such an extent to flee is to hope for safety.”)According to the account, this refers to horsemen whom we cannot imagine as forming a tight group. That can perhaps be explained by the fact that the poet in his holy inspiration inadvertently attributed to the horsemen a picture from the actions of the fighters on foot.
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13.William the Briton, Philippis, Book XI, verses 605-612(Duchesne,5:238):
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In peditum vallo totiens impune receptus
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Nulla parte Comes metuebat ab hoste noceri
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Hastatos etenim pedites invadere nostri
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Horrebant equites, dum pugnant ensibus ipsi:
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Atque armis brevibus, illos vero hasta cutellis
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Longior et gladiis, et inextricabilis ordo
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Circuitu triplici murorum ductus ad instar
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Caute dispositos non permittebat adiri.
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(After retreating safely so often to his rampart of foot soldiers, in no way did the count fear to be hurt by the enemy. And in fact our knights dread to attack foot soldiers with spears, while they themselves fight with swords. They have short weapons; the others indeed have a spear longer than knives or swords. And their unbreakable formation drawn up in a triple circuit like walls did not permit those cautiously disposed to come near.)
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14.At least, I would like to translate paragraph 86 in this manner.(“Ison de to metõpon tës parataxeõs autõn poiountai kai pyknon en tais machais”
:“They make the front of their battle line even and closely ordered.”)
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15.Liudprandus, Antapodosis,2.31.
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16.Perlbach, p.117.
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17.Hartung, The Ancient German Days of the Nibelungenlied and the Gudrun(Die deutschen Altertümer des Nibelungenliedes und der Kudrum),p.505,compares Gudrun,647.2,1403.1,and 1451.1 with Nibelungenlied,203 and 204.2210.
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