1700080021

1700080022 27.The “point” did not occur before the fifteenth century.

1700080023

1700080024 Each group moves along at a slow pace，

1700080025

1700080026 Advancing together as in a square，

1700080027

1700080028 says Guiart, verse 11494，in his description of Mons-en-Pévèle（1304），cited by Köhler in his 2：269. The first example of the point is perhaps the formation of the troops of the Dauphiné“en pointe” in the battle of Mons-en-Vimeux in 1421，cited in Köhler，2：226，note. Recommendations for the formation with a point in documents of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are to be found in Jähns，1：328，738，and 740. At the end of the fifteenth century, under Maximilian, the formation was surely squared off again. Leonhard Fronsperger speaks of the “pointed” battle formation as an obsolete one（Köhler，3：2：251）. We already find a formation of horsemen in a wedge or rhomboid in antiquity mentioned in Aelian, Chap.18，and Asclepiodotus, Chap.7. Among the reasons for this, which are probably theoretical fantasies, at least in part, it is also stated that control and wheeling actions are easier than in the squared formation. As far as control is concerned, this is obviously correct. With respect to wheeling actions, I understand that as meaning they did not need to make any true wheeling motion but could easily turn half-right or half-left by changing the rhomboid into a square.

1700080029

1700080030 28.“Istos in una et prima acie posuit et dixit illis: campus amplus est; extendite vos per campum directe, ne vos hostes intercludant. Non deceti ut unus miles scutum sibi de alio milite faciat; sed sic stetis, ut omnes quas, una fronte possitis pugnare.”（“He set them in one battle line and said to them: The field is big; extend yourselves across the field in a straight line so that the enemy may not cut you off. It is not proper that a knight make a shield for himself from another knight. But you should thus stand that all are able to fight on one front.”）

1700080031

1700080032 29.Köhler，2：226 and 3：2：253，believes that the formation in line first occurred in the fifteenth century. I see no basis for this assumption. Wherever mixed combat took place, the linear formation must have gained ground. Boutaric, p.297，makes the general statement: “The knights fought‘en haye，’that is to say, in a single line; the squires were drawn up behind them.”

1700080033

1700080034 30.Baltzer, p.106，cites two pieces of evidence for this.

1700080035

1700080036 31.Prutz, Quellenbeiträge, p.29:“acies … beati Petri a dextris antecedens, cujus juris est antecedere et primum hostes percutere”（“the unit of the blessed Peter going ahead on the right, of whose privilege it is to go first and to strike the enemy first”）.

1700080037

1700080038 32.This valuable observation had already been made by Heermann, p.85，and Köhler has also agreed with him. Nevertheless, the battle finally ended in a serious defeat.

1700080039

1700080040 33.Liudprandus, Antapodosis，2.31.

1700080041

1700080042 34.Gesta Fridertci，1.32.

1700080043

1700080044 35.Köhler，3：1：95，has assembled a few passages, wherever they occur. Edward III of England, especially, formed in 1356 a guard of mounted archers. In the index volume, among the supplements, the author also added another passage from Wigalois. I would also add the treaty of alliance of the Lombards, Murat. Ant.，4.490. But even in England they never became a real arm. In the fifteenth century we do find many archers on horseback, but this was only a means of transportation for them; in battle, they dismounted.

1700080045

1700080046 The Saracens of Frederick II are considered by Köhler to have been exclusively dismounted archers. But it is expressly stated in Annales Parmenses majores（Greater Annals of Parma），SS.，18.673，that in 1248 before Parma the emperor had “balistarii tam equites quam pedites”（“crossbowmen on horseback as well as on foot”）.

1700080047

1700080048 36.Köhler，1：5 and 3：3：355.Up to the tenth century, he says, they had fought in a single echelon, but from the eleventh century on, in three echelons.

1700080049

1700080050 37.Köhler，2：35，assembled a few examples, but they show basically that such combat techniques were used less in actual practice than in the heroic accounts, and they succeeded still less often.

1700080051

1700080052 38.Köhler，1：468，and 2：13.

1700080053

1700080054 39.Köhler，2：42.

1700080055

1700080056 40.Daniel, Histoire de la milice française, p.82.

1700080057

1700080058 41.Only seldom do we find that a king remained behind the front, as, for example, at Ascalon in 1125，cited by Heermann, p.120. Or old King Iagiello of Poland at Tannenberg in 1410.

1700080059

1700080060 42.Viollet-le-Duc, Rational Dictionary of French Furniture from the Carolingian Period to the Renaissance（Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier françµis de l’époque carlovingienne à la renaissance），6：372.

1700080061

1700080062 43.This is how I prefer to translate the Greek expression “sphodrõs kai akataschetõs hõs monotonoi”:“violent and unstoppable like obstinate men”）.（Tactics, para.87）. See Mauritius, p.269.

1700080063

1700080064 44.Before Ascalon，12 August 1099. Albert of Aachen，6.42，as cited in Röhricht, History of the First Crusade（Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges），p.200，Note 8.

1700080065

1700080066 45.Richer of Sens, M.G. SS.，25.294.

1700080067

1700080068 46.Orderich，12.18：“ferro enim undique vestiti erant et pro timore Dei notitiaque contubernii vicissim sibi parcebant nec tamen occidere fugientes quam comprehendere satagebant.”（“for they had been dressed completely in iron and mutually spared each other according to fear of God and acknowledgment of their brotherhood in arms; they did not endeavor so much to kill those in flight as to capture them.”）

1700080069

1700080070 Giraldus, Opera，5. 396：“ibi capiuntur milites, hie decapitantur; ibi redimuntur, hie perimuntur.”（“There knights are captured, here decapitated; there they are ransomed, here they are killed.”）

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