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12.Köhler，3：2：116，118，considers that the basis for the formation of the gleves in 1364 was the fact that it was precisely at that time that the knights started the custom of fighting on foot.Consequently, he is surprised that the gleves were also adopted in Germany（1365），since the knights only seldom fought on foot there. His surprise is out of place, since there was no relationship at all between the dismounting of the knights and the formation of the gleves.
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In 3：2：173，Köhler states that there were lances of two horses, three horses, four，five, six, eight, and ten horses.
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Würdinger, Miliary History of Bavaria（Kriegsgeschichte von Bayern），1：102，states: “The number of men forming a gleve varied. In Swabia there were four horses（Jäger, Ulm，1：418），in Nuremberg two horses to one spear（Ulman Stromer，45），in Strasbourg five horses to one gleve（Schaab，2：277），in Ratisbon one spear and one marksman with three saddle horses（reg.boica，10.303）. It might almost seem that the spear first got the meaning of” lance “or gleve as a result of its combination with one marksman.”Other examples are to be found in Arnold, Constitutional History of the German Free Cities（Verfassungsgeschichte der deutschen freistädte），2：239. Vischer, Studies in German History（Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte），2：77. Fischer, note, p.385. Köhler，3：2：117，173.
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When the chronicles report, as, for example, Königshofen on Döffingen, that an army had 800 gleves and 2，000 foot soldiers, that gives the impression that the 800 gleves are nothing more than 800 heavy horsemen. But then we also find cases of counting by “helmets” and that there were three horsemen to each “helmet.”Chr. F. Stälin, Württembergische Geschichte，3：321.
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In 1381 the cities formed a league army of 1，400 spears and 500 foot soldiers. For this force Augsburg provided forty-eight hastatos（spearmen），thirty sagittarios equites（mounted archers），and 300 pedites armatos（armed foot soldiers）. Würdinger，1：93. See also pp.96 and 98 of the same work.
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Fischer states in Participation of the Free Cities in the Imperial Army March to Italy（Teilnahme der Reichsstädte an der Reichsheerfahrt），p.30，that in 1310 at the imperial diet in Speyer a roster was drawn up showing how many gleves each free city was to provide for the march to Rome, each gleve having three horses, that is, three horsemen. This would therefore indicate that the concept and name of the gleve already existed in Germany in 1310 . Nevertheless, this conclusion is subject to question, since the numbers are from a much later period, and the decision of 1310 may have been worded differently.
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Morris, The Welsh Wars, p. 80，claims that in England the combining of the various combat arms into units was first seen at the siege of Dunbar in 1337. Previously, to include the reign of Edward I, the various combat arms appeared as separate units.
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Cosneau, p. 358，note, states that the English had three marksmen in each lance. He gives an example in which two men-at-arms and two marksmen formed all together a group of nine men and nine horses.
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13.Cosneau, p.357. The ordinance of Luppé-le-Chastel of 26 May 1445 is reproduced on p.610. This shows the lance as consisting of one knight, one coutillier, one page, two marksmen, one serving man, and six horses.
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14.We find used very often the formula “‘ban et arrière-ban’（‘vassals and subvassals’）were levied.”
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According to Guilhiermoz, p. 294，the “arrière-ban” in France was originally the same thing as the Landwehr（militia）in Germany, that is, the general levy of all men capable of bearing arms. He says that the feudal service was later limited to the “arrière-ban” and the “arrière-ban” was limited to men holding fiefs.
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Boutaric, p. 140 f.，reports in detail on the conditions that were issued on the levy under Louis IX and were specified in numerous “coutumes”（customs）. They limited the rights of the lord to an extreme degree. He was allowed to levy his men only for defense, or only in the region governed by the lord, or only so far as to allow the man to return home on the same evening.
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Luce, Bertrand du Guesclin, p. 159，recounts that, according to an unpublished ordinance, on 17 May 1355 King John called up “the ban et I’arrière-ban, that is to say, all physically qualified men between the ages of eighteen and sixty.” That can hardly have been the intention of the ordinance, and Luce himself believes that the French communes did not obey this order. When Luce adds that Edward III in England really gave the arrière-ban “a truly practical character” by having all his subjects carry out weapons training, that is also an error.
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15.In addition to the references already cited, see Spont，“La Milice des francs-archers，”Revue des questions historiques, Vol.61.
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16.Boutaric, Institutions militaires de la France, p.218. Jähns, Handbuch, p.759. According to Juvénal des Ursins and the Monk of Saint Denis. The latter author states that the people carried out the drills with great zeal.
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17.The military system of Charles the Bold is treated excellently by M. Guillaume，“Histoire de l’organisation militaire sous les dues de Bourgogne，” in the Mémoires couronnés et mémoires des savants étrangers publiés par l’Académie de Belgique, Vol.22，Brussels，1848. Much valuable material is also to be found in La Chauvelays, La Composition des armées de Charles le Téméraire，1879. In the Mémoires de I’Académie de Dijon, Tome VI.（also published in Paris as a separate edition）. I have discussed it myself in my Perser-und Burgunderkriege.
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18.In 1340 the count of Armagnac had only 300 fully equipped men-at-arms in a force of 800（Grande chronique de St. Denys，5：393，ed. Paulin）.
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In 1429 the noblemen who reinforced Charles VII“did not have the means of arming themselves or providing themselves with mounts.”（Chronique de la Pucelle, Panthéon littéraire, p.442）.
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In 1467 Charles the Bold selected, from the vassals who had been levied, those who had full equipment; they numbered 400 of the total group of 1，400. But it happened that the nobles took their pay and rode back home（according to Guillaume, p.89）.
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19.Lachauvelays, p.170，estimates that the two Burgundies provided Charles the Bold with thirty-two companies of soudoyers à gages ménagers.
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The thirty-two companies numbered 899 men-at-arms with three horses each（that is，899 pages and 899 valets），541 gens de trait à cheval（mounted marksmen），178 coutilliers à cheval（light horsemen），and 177 demi-lances.（A demi-lance is an individual knight who receives the samepay as two marksmen.）
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The totals were therefore as follows:
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20.A regulation for Hainaut appeared in 1470 and, according to Guillaume, p.113，stated the following: A fief-holder with more than 360 pounds of annual income had to provide one man-at-arms with a coutillier, a page, and six dismounted archers. A fief-holder with 240 pounds of income was to provide one man-at-arms. A fief-holder with 120 pounds was to provide three men on foot（dismounted archers, crossbowmen, or spearmen）. The smaller and larger groups were combined in accordance with the corresponding mission. Fiefs under 64 sous had no obligation. Anyone who could not serve personally was to provide an appropriate substitute, and if he could not do so, the commanders took over that responsibility for him. Every four months the items of equipment were to be inspected.
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