1700084347

1700084348 1.The standard monograph is “The Battle of Guinegate”（“Die Schlacht bei Guinegate”）by Ernst Richert. Berlin dissertation，1907.

1700084349

1700084350 2.Dadizeele, Mémoires, ed. Kerwyn de Lettenhove, p.19. According to Comines, there were 200 noblemen.

1700084351

1700084352 3.All the earlier works and studies on the lansquenets have been superseded by the book by Martin Nell, The Lansquenets, Origin of the First German Infantry（Die Landsknechte, Entstehung der ersten deutschen Infanterie），Berlin，1914. This work is exemplary in its penetrating study and perspicacious critique. The first part was published as a Berlin dissertation. The author, who was justified in having the finest hopes for the future and looked on life with youthful trust, fell on the field of honor in France in 1914.

1700084353

1700084354 Erben, Historische Zeitschrift，116：48，had a few reservations concerning Nell’s conclusions, which we can agree with, but they do not eliminate anything of importance.

1700084355

1700084356 4.In the first seven documents in which the name appears, Nell found that it was written twice as “Lanzknechte，” twice in the Swiss minutes in 1486 as “landtsknechte，” and three times as “lantknechte.”

1700084357

1700084358 5.Lilienkron，2：362，20.

1700084359

1700084360 6.Hobohm treats this more thoroughly in Machiavellis Renaissance der Kriegskunst，2：394，with the references at 2：405. I cannot agree with Nell’s interpretation.

1700084361

1700084362 7.Hobohm，2：426 ff.，basing his opinion on Jovius, has expressed the belief that the Swiss spear was initially only 10 feet long and was gradually lengthened to 17 or 18 feet as the squares of spearmen fought against one another. Nell, p.158，observed that the lengthening of the spear must therefore have started in 1483. Presumably the spears never had a “normal” length but had always been of greatly varying lengths.

1700084363

1700084364 8.“Studies on the Long Spear”（“Studien über den Langen Spiess”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，4（1908）：301.

1700084365

1700084366 9.Böheim, in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，1：62.

1700084367

1700084368 10.The work appeared in Venice as early as 1496. I am using the version reprinted in Eccard, Corpus Historicum, II，1612. I do not wish to present the above translation as completely confirmed. The expressions used by the author are not absolutely clear, even though he was an eyewitness. An Italian translation（Venice，1549）does not shed any more light on the matter. Jähns，1：727，has interpreted this not as a wheeling movement but a caracole. Because of these uncertainties, I quote the original text here：

1700084369

1700084370 Ab his phalanx una peditum Germanorum erat, quae omnium oculos in se convertebat, quadratae figurae, quae VI M.peditum continebat, Georgio Petroplanensi Duce integerrimo, in equo eminente. In ea acie tympanorum multitudo audiebatur germanico more, quibus aures rumpebantur; hi pectore tan-tum armato incedebant per ordines primo a posteriore parvo intervallo. Primi longiores lanceas in humeris ferebant, infesto mucrone sequentes lanceas erectiores portabant post hos bipennibus et securibus armati; ab his signiferi erant, ad quorum inclinationem agmen totum ac si una rate veherentur, in dextrum, laevum, retro regrediuntur; a tergo pilularii dicti parvorum tormentorum; hos a laeva et sinistra scorpionum Magistri sive manubalistarii sequuntur. Hi in conspectu Beatricis Ducis quadratum agmen uno signo in cuneum subito commutavere, paulo post in alas sese divisere: demum in rotundum altera tantum parte levi motu, altera cursim movebant, prima parte circumacta, postrema immota, ita ut unum corpus esse videretur.

1700084371

1700084372 11.Jahrbücher für Schweizer Geschichte，6：263. Basin: “Surrogavit enim in eorum locum alios pedites, quos appellabant halbardurios, qui similibus armis induti ut franci sagittarii, loco arcuum contos longos ferratos, quos Flamingi piken appellant, aut latas quasdam secures, secundum Alemannorum peditum ritum, deferebant”（“For he put other infantry in their place, whom they call halberdiers. These, similarly equipped to French archers, carried instead of bows long iron-tipped poles, which the Flemish call pikes, or broad axes following the custom of German infantry.”）

1700084373

1700084374 12.Hobohm，2：329，345.

1700084375

1700084376 13.According to Spont, Revue des Questions Historiques，1899，p.60.

1700084377

1700084378 14.According to Susane, Histoire de l’infanterie française，1：14.

1700084379

1700084380 15.Proof based on the sources is to be found in Willibald Block，“The Condottieri: Studies on the so-called‘Unbloody Battles’”（“Die Condottieri. Studien über die sogenannten‘unblutigen Schlachten’”），Berlin dissertation，1913.

1700084381

1700084382 16.Hobohm，2：336.

1700084383

1700084384 2　火器

1700084385

1700084386 1.From the abundant literature on the invention of gunpowder and the oldest firearms, I mention the following works: Napoleon III, Du Passé et de l’Avenir de l’Artillerie. This work, which was written during the imprisonment of Louis Napoleon in Ham, is still worthy of note today. With a certain amount of abridgment and the omission of notes and tables, it was copied in the Oeuvres de Napoléon III, Vol.IV，1856，and was translated by Lieutenant（later Lieutenant General）H. Müller, Berlin，1856. A. Essenwein, Sources on the History of Firearms. Facsimile Illustrations of Old Original Drawings, Miniatures, Wood Cuts, and Etchings, together with Photographs of Authentic Old Weapons and Models（Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen. Faksimilierte Nachbildung alter Originalzeichnungen, Miniaturen, Holzschnitte und Kupferstiche nebst Aufnahmen alter Originalwaffen und Modelle）. Published by the Germanic National Museum. Text by A. Essenwein. With 213 facsimile illustrations. Leipzig，1872-1877. Thierbach, M.，The Historical Development of Hand Firearms（Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen），Dresden，1886. Supplement，1899. Köhler, G.，The Development of the Military System and Warfare in the Knightly Period（Die Entwicklung des Kriegswesens und der Kriegführung in der Ritterzeit），Vol.III, Breslau，1887（probably the most valuable part of this broadly conceived work）. Romocki, S.J. von, History of Explosives（Geschichte der Explosivstoffe），Vol.I, Berlin, Hanover，1898. Very valuable, especially because of its corrected reprint of Marcus Graecus. Jähns, M.，History of the Development of Old Offensive Weapons（Supplement on Firearms）（Entwicklungsgeschichte der alten Trutzwaffen[Anhang Feuerwaffen]），Berlin，1899. Sixl, P.，“Development and Use of Hand Firearms”（“Entwicklung und Gebrauch der Handfeuerwaffen”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, I ff.，1899 ff. Reimer, P.，“Gunpowder and Ballistic Concepts in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries”（“Das Pulver und die ballistischen Anschauungen im XIV.und XV. Jahrhundert”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，1：164 ff. Also 4：367. Oskar Guttmann, Records of Gunpowder（Monumenta pulveris pyrii），London，1906. Karl Jacobs, The Development of Firearms on the Lower Rhine up to the Year 1400（Das Aufkommen der Feuerwaffen am Niederrheine bis zum Jahre 1400），Bonn, Peter Hanstein, publisher，1910. An excellent document that presents much more than the title indicates. Rudolf Schneider, in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.6，Book 3，“A Byzantine Firearm”（“Eine byzantinische Feuerwaffe”）. See also in this connection the article by R. Forrer，“Archeological and Technical Aspects of the Byzantine Firearm of the cod. Vat 1605 c. Eleventh Century”（“Archäologisches und Technisches zu der byzantinischen Feuerwaffe des cod. Vat 1605 c.11. Jahrhundert”）in the fourth book of the same periodical（1909）. These two articles overtake Romocki’s work with completely new material.M. Feldhaus, in his Great Pages of Technology（Ruhmesblätter der Technik），Leipzig，191-[sic]，gives a valuable survey based on his own research. Recently, a new contribution in this field with very valuable new conclusions has been added by Rathgen（Lieutenant General）and Schäfer，“Firearms and Long-range Weapons in the Papal Army in the Fourteenth Century”（“Feuer-und Fernwaffen beim päpstlichen Heer im 14. Jahrhundert”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.VII, Book 1，1915.

1700084387

1700084388 2.Schneider and Forrer, op.cit.

1700084389

1700084390 3.See Romocki, Geschichte der Explosivstoffe, for the best and most thorough treatment of this subject.

1700084391

1700084392 4.Romocki, p.31.

1700084393

1700084394 5.Under these circumstances, I may be permitted to pass over the question as to whether and to what extent gunpowder and firearms were known in ancient India. On this point see Oppert, Gustav，“On the Question of Gunpowder in Ancient India”（“Zur Schiesspulverfrage im alten Indien”），Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften，4：421-437.

1700084395

1700084396 6.Rathgen and Schäfer，“Feuer-und Fernwaffen beim päpstlichen Heer im 14. Jahrhundert.”

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