1700084380 15.Proof based on the sources is to be found in Willibald Block，“The Condottieri: Studies on the so-called‘Unbloody Battles’”（“Die Condottieri. Studien über die sogenannten‘unblutigen Schlachten’”），Berlin dissertation，1913.

1700084381

1700084382 16.Hobohm，2：336.

1700084383

1700084384 2　火器

1700084385

1700084386 1.From the abundant literature on the invention of gunpowder and the oldest firearms, I mention the following works: Napoleon III, Du Passé et de l’Avenir de l’Artillerie. This work, which was written during the imprisonment of Louis Napoleon in Ham, is still worthy of note today. With a certain amount of abridgment and the omission of notes and tables, it was copied in the Oeuvres de Napoléon III, Vol.IV，1856，and was translated by Lieutenant（later Lieutenant General）H. Müller, Berlin，1856. A. Essenwein, Sources on the History of Firearms. Facsimile Illustrations of Old Original Drawings, Miniatures, Wood Cuts, and Etchings, together with Photographs of Authentic Old Weapons and Models（Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen. Faksimilierte Nachbildung alter Originalzeichnungen, Miniaturen, Holzschnitte und Kupferstiche nebst Aufnahmen alter Originalwaffen und Modelle）. Published by the Germanic National Museum. Text by A. Essenwein. With 213 facsimile illustrations. Leipzig，1872-1877. Thierbach, M.，The Historical Development of Hand Firearms（Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen），Dresden，1886. Supplement，1899. Köhler, G.，The Development of the Military System and Warfare in the Knightly Period（Die Entwicklung des Kriegswesens und der Kriegführung in der Ritterzeit），Vol.III, Breslau，1887（probably the most valuable part of this broadly conceived work）. Romocki, S.J. von, History of Explosives（Geschichte der Explosivstoffe），Vol.I, Berlin, Hanover，1898. Very valuable, especially because of its corrected reprint of Marcus Graecus. Jähns, M.，History of the Development of Old Offensive Weapons（Supplement on Firearms）（Entwicklungsgeschichte der alten Trutzwaffen[Anhang Feuerwaffen]），Berlin，1899. Sixl, P.，“Development and Use of Hand Firearms”（“Entwicklung und Gebrauch der Handfeuerwaffen”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, I ff.，1899 ff. Reimer, P.，“Gunpowder and Ballistic Concepts in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries”（“Das Pulver und die ballistischen Anschauungen im XIV.und XV. Jahrhundert”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，1：164 ff. Also 4：367. Oskar Guttmann, Records of Gunpowder（Monumenta pulveris pyrii），London，1906. Karl Jacobs, The Development of Firearms on the Lower Rhine up to the Year 1400（Das Aufkommen der Feuerwaffen am Niederrheine bis zum Jahre 1400），Bonn, Peter Hanstein, publisher，1910. An excellent document that presents much more than the title indicates. Rudolf Schneider, in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.6，Book 3，“A Byzantine Firearm”（“Eine byzantinische Feuerwaffe”）. See also in this connection the article by R. Forrer，“Archeological and Technical Aspects of the Byzantine Firearm of the cod. Vat 1605 c. Eleventh Century”（“Archäologisches und Technisches zu der byzantinischen Feuerwaffe des cod. Vat 1605 c.11. Jahrhundert”）in the fourth book of the same periodical（1909）. These two articles overtake Romocki’s work with completely new material.M. Feldhaus, in his Great Pages of Technology（Ruhmesblätter der Technik），Leipzig，191-[sic]，gives a valuable survey based on his own research. Recently, a new contribution in this field with very valuable new conclusions has been added by Rathgen（Lieutenant General）and Schäfer，“Firearms and Long-range Weapons in the Papal Army in the Fourteenth Century”（“Feuer-und Fernwaffen beim päpstlichen Heer im 14. Jahrhundert”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.VII, Book 1，1915.

1700084387

1700084388 2.Schneider and Forrer, op.cit.

1700084389

1700084390 3.See Romocki, Geschichte der Explosivstoffe, for the best and most thorough treatment of this subject.

1700084391

1700084392 4.Romocki, p.31.

1700084393

1700084394 5.Under these circumstances, I may be permitted to pass over the question as to whether and to what extent gunpowder and firearms were known in ancient India. On this point see Oppert, Gustav，“On the Question of Gunpowder in Ancient India”（“Zur Schiesspulverfrage im alten Indien”），Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften，4：421-437.

1700084395

1700084396 6.Rathgen and Schäfer，“Feuer-und Fernwaffen beim päpstlichen Heer im 14. Jahrhundert.”

1700084397

1700084398 7.This work by Walter de Millemete is entitled De officiis regum（On the Duties of Kings）and was presumably written in 1325 or at the beginning of the reign of Edward III, that is, shortly after 1327. The manuscript is in Oxford. The illustration is to be found in Guttmann，figure 69，reproduced in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde and also, very unclearly, in Feldhaus, p.100. I handed my colleague, Tangl, the sample given in Guttmann, and he told me that no conclusion could be drawn from the passage. While he was certain it belonged in the fourteenth century, it was of the type of elegant writing which contains so little of an individual character that it is impossible to establish a closer date. But he went on to say that if the manuscript can be proved to stem from the years to which it has been attributed（1325-1327），then we may also assume that the illustration is from the same period. The fact that the projectile with the arrow point is aimed at the gate of a stronghold could perhaps be interpreted as indicating that we are dealing with a purely decorative composition that does not necessarily show firing against the strong gate. Shooting with bolts instead of balls was actually done.

1700084399

1700084400 8.The most important are two frescoes in the church of the former monastery of St. Leonardo in Leccetto near Siena, on which a siege with a cannon and a hand firearm are shown（Guttmann, p.28）. According to an account book, the master Paul was paid 16 L.，12 R. for these works in June 1343. Professor Tangl told me, however, that the writing in the account book is of a much later period.

1700084401

1700084402 9.On this point see the articles by Schneider and Forrer named in note 1 above.

1700084403

1700084404 10.Of course, Rathgen and Schäfer point out that in the papal accounts, as detailed as they are in other respects, there is no entry for wood for the blocks. They say, however, that these blocks may have been made on the spot.

1700084405

1700084406 11.According to Clephan，“A Sketch of the History and Evolution of the Handgun，”Festschrift für Thierbach, pp.35，40，gunpowder and various types of cannon are mentioned for the first time in England in 1338，in a procurement contract.

1700084407

1700084408 12.With respect to Meissen, see Baarmann in the Festschrift für Thierbach, p.67，where it is said that the defender of Salzderhelden successfully used a lead firearm several years earlier.

1700084409

1700084410 13.“On the Oldest Cannon in Switzerland, with a Document from the Year 1391”（“Ueber älteste Geschütze in der Schweiz, mit einer Urkunde vom Jahre 1391”），by Dr.J. Häne in Zurich.Anzeiger für schweizerische Altertumskunde, new series，2（1900）：215-222.

1700084411

1700084412 14.Jacobs, p.136.

1700084413

1700084414 15.Favé，3：80 ff.，according to Köhler.

1700084415

1700084416 16.The ribaudequins were originally large crossbows that were installed on the walls. In the fifteenth century they were often named as cannon. The most important passages are cited in Köhler, Kriegswesen der Ritterzeit，3：178，279，315.

1700084417

1700084418 17.In an extract from the Book of Pyrotechnics（Feuerwerksbuch）of 1429 it is already stated how “lump powder” was made and the fact that this powder was more effective than fine powder. Köster（p.336）and Jähns（p.401）believe that this lump powder was not yet a true granulation but only a preliminary step. Romocki, p.182，and Clephan, p.36，call it simply granulation. Clephan adds that, nevertheless, fine powder continued to be used for a long time and granulated powder was again used at the beginning of the sixteenth century. As the reason for this, he assumes, as does Köhler，3：255，that the explosion of the granulated powder was so strong that the weak cannon could not withstand it. This explanation is not very enlightening, since one could have used less powder.

1700084419

1700084420 18.G. Körting, Petrarch’s Life and Works（Petrarcas Leben und Werke），p.542，says that the poet devoted many years to this work but did not finish it until he was old—on 4 October 1366，according to a reliable source. Azzo died in 1362. This date is also accepted by Karl Förster, Petrarch’s Collected Canzonas（Petrarcas sämtliche Canzone, usw.），translation，2d ed.，1833，p.XI. This report is based on Baldelli, Del Petrarca e delle sue opere, Florence，1797.2d ed.，Fiesole，1837. Blanc, in Ersch and Gruber, III，19，p.237，reports that Petrarch started the work in 1358 and finished it in 1360. In 1360 or early 1361 he supposedly presented it to the Dauphin, later Charles V of France, on the occasion of a diplomatic mission, and Charles had it translated into French. Blanc also bases his statements on Baldelli, but Baldelli, in his second edition at any rate, names 1366 as the year of completion.

1700084421

1700084422 19.Published in Geneva by Jacob Stoer in 1645，p.302.

1700084423

1700084424 20.In the word “wooden”Jähns saw indirect proof of its derivation from the madfaa. That does not seem clear to me.

1700084425

1700084426 21.Jovius, Elogia virorum bellica virtute illustrium（Aphorisms of Men Distinguished by Military Virtue），Basel，1575，p.184. Also Guicciardini, Historia d’Italia, Venice，1562，4：100.

1700084427

1700084428 22.Jacobs, p.53.

1700084429

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