1700084670 16.Georg Paetel, The Organization of the Hessian Army under Philip the Magnanimous（Die Organisation des hessischen Heeres unter Philipp dem Grossmütigen），1897. See especially pp.38，40. See also Jovius, Book 34，p.278，concerning Spanish armor.

1700084671

1700084672 17.According to the reports of the Venetian ambassador Alois Mocenigo, who accompanied the emperor. Fiedler, Fontes rer. Austriacarum，30：120. Venetian Dispatches from the Imperial Court（Venetianische Depeschen vom Kaiserhof），published by the Historische Kommission der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna，1889，1：668，670-671.

1700084673

1700084674 18.They are first mentioned in Avila, Schmalkaldic War, German edition，1853，p.58. First edition, Venice，1548，p.34. In a letter dated 6 November 1552，Lazarus Schwendi refers to the horsemen of Albrecht Alcibiades as “black horsemen.”Voigt, Albrecht Alcibiades，2：8. In 1554，1，500“black horsemen” appear in the imperial camp before Namur, all with pennons on their lances. Anonymous Journal（1554-1557），edited by Louis Torfs, Campagnes de Charles-Quint et de Philippe II, Antwerp，1868，pp.23-24. There are numerous references in this journal to their mutinies. In 1554 there appears on the emperor’s side “un ost de reistres”（“a host of reîtres”）of 1，800 to 2，000 horses under Count Wolfram von Schwarzenburg. Rabutin, Commentaires L. VI, Ed. Buchon，1836，p.620：“In order to intimidate us, they had all made themselves black like handsome devils.”For the campaign of 1558，Henry II, looking back to the experiences of the previous year at St. Quentin, ordered the recruiting of as many reîtres as possible.

1700084675

1700084676 … because, the previous year, the largest strength that his enemy（Philip II）had and which was estimated as giving him the advantage, was by means of these reîtres, who have since been called “black armor，” all of whom being armed with pistols, furious and frightening firearms, seemed to have been invented for the amazement and the breaking up of the French men-at-arms. And yet, in order to take as many of them as possible away from his enemy and to accustom and teach the French how to use such arms with confidence, he wished to draw them into his service.

1700084677

1700084678 Rabutin, L. XI, Ed. Buchon，1836，p.738. The first German pistol men in French service appeared, as best I have found, in 1554（Rabutin, p.605）. Susane believes they appeared still earlier. Rabutin, p.701，makes a distinction in 1557 in the French army between men-at-arms, cavalry, and reîtres. The expression “horsemen”（“Reiter”）for cavalry, apparently with the intention of indicating something specific, appears in Marino Cavallis, Relazione da Ferdinando Re de Romani，1543. Ed. Albèri, Series I, Vol.III, p.122.

1700084679

1700084680 19.They are mentioned for the first time in an account of 1559，where they are given very little praise. Relation de Michel Suriano, made on the return from his ambassadorship to Philip II, in 1559. Gachard, Relations des ambassadeurs vénitiens sur Charles-Quint et Philippe II, Brussels，1856，p.116. Clonard，4：155，places their first mention in the Ordinanza of 1560.

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1700084682 20.History of the Netherlands War（Geschichte des niederländischen Krieges），Book II, Chaps.11，12.

1700084683

1700084684 21.Mocenigo reports to the doge on 4 September 1546：“The imperial mounted troops fear their enemies very much, both because of their numbers and their excellent horses and because many of them have three small wheel lock harquebuses, one on the saddle, another behind the saddle, and the third in a boot, so that it is said of these light horsemen that in skirmishes they always consider themselves secure, because having dealt with their enemies with one harquebus, they seize another, and many times, even when fleeing, they put it on their shoulder and fire to the rear.”Venetianische Depeschen vom Kaiserhof, Vienna，1889，1：670-671.

1700084685

1700084686 A similar report is made by Federigo Badoero（Relazione di Carlo V e di Filippo II，1557. Ed. Albèri, Series I，3：189-190）about ferraruoli who were equipped with four or five pistols.

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1700084688 22.In the “Recollections of an Old Officer”（Feuilleton of the Post of 21 May 1890）we read：

1700084689

1700084690 At that time（1847），it was still the practice to target-shoot from horseback, a frightful maneuver during which very few horses stood still. A noncommissioned officer would hand the loaded pistol, provided with a fuse, with the greatest care to the mounted horseman. Now the horseman was to ride a volt, halt in front of the target, and fire. But as soon as the horse noticed that the rider had a pistol in his hand, he usually started to buck and jump, and the horseman, his mount, and the bystanders were all most seriously endangered. And it then sometimes happened that the horse was shot in the ear. But now it happened that our good first lieutenant, von B.，had an old sorrel mare named Commode, and whenever he was in charge of the practice firing, the whole platoon, one after the other, climbed aboard Commode, who stood quietly, and each man fired his shot accurately. Now this foolishness has been abandoned and the firing is done only in a dismounted position, although, of course, signal shots by mounted scouts are not excluded.

1700084691

1700084692 23.Wallhausen, Kriegskunst zu Pferde, p.6.

1700084693

1700084694 24.Mencken，2：1427.

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1700084696 25.Ed. Buchon, p.291. On Tavannes, see p.127，above.

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1700084698 26.I have just received a study by R. Friedrichsdorf on Albrecht as a leader of mounted troops（Berlin dissertation，1919）. It contains new and very valuable material.

1700084699

1700084700 27.In the second edition of this work, Basel，1572，the description is somewhat expanded（Book IX, Fol.309），but without adding anything of significance for us. Lancelot Voisin, Sire de la Popelinière, came from Poitou and was a student in Toulouse when the news of the blood bath of Vassy became public. He immediately took command of a Huguenot company of students, was eventually incapacitated as the result of a wound, and thenceforth he took up the pen.

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1700084702 28.In the account of the battle of Ivry, p.386. Since this battle did not take place until 1590，it is the younger Tavannes who is speaking here.

1700084703

1700084704 29.In the fourth chapter of Book 2 of his Kriegskunst zu Pferde, p.65，Wallhausen describes the execution of the caracole but without using that name. It is also described by Grimmelshausen in Simplizissimus, Ed. Gödecke，1897，Vols.10，11，p.36.

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1700084706 30.Brantôme, Oeuvres, Edit. Laianne，1864 ff.，4：201. See also 3：376. In Vol.I, pp.339-340，he mentions this example in the same sense and speaks of the battle of Aulneau（1 November 1587）as a parallel.

1700084707

1700084708 31.At the base of this is the Italian “corazza，” which is derived from “corium，”“leather.”

1700084709

1700084710 32.For example, Villar’s Mémoires, L.X.，Ed.1610，p.901；this appears to be for the year 1559，according to a contemporary document.

1700084711

1700084712 33.In the sixteenth century a certain Count Solms（Würdinger，2：371）wrote correctly—but in the final analysis nevertheless falsely：

1700084713

1700084714 When one has as horsemen only wagon servants and peasants who steal their horses from wagons and plows, there will be in the field bad conduct and desertion in battle and campaigns. And even if they do not flee but remain, they are still not sufficiently well mounted and armored, and they have not learned how to fight but they remain peasants on plowhorses and draft horses.Such men should not be brought by a noble to the lord who provides the pay, for the lord relies on their numbers without knowing that he has only a loosely formed, worthless unit.Every knightly man who intends to lead horsemen to a lord should ponder this, for it is a matter of his honor and his welfare. For if he has peasant yokels in his squadron or banneret and finds himself faced by a good, wellequipped unit, what can he expect to accomplish and what poor service he has provided his commander in return for his money.

1700084715

1700084716 34.Erben, Bulletin of the Imperial and Royal Army Museum（Mitteilungen des kaiserlichen und königlichen Heeresmuseums），1902，Articles of War, etc.

1700084717

1700084718 35.Susane, Histoire de la cavallerie française，1：73，gives a somewhat different origin of this armed branch. He does not relate it to firearms but regards as the significant factor only the speed that the infantry in general, both lancers and musketeers, could develop in this way during individual expeditions. Because of the terror that they inspired, these warriors had called themselves dragoons. They were created by the Marquis de Brissac in the Piedmont theater of operations between 1550 and 1560. According to Jovius, Book 44，Pietro Strozzi had already placed 500 selected marksmen（sclopettarii）on horseback in 1543 in order to occupy Guise as quickly as possible. Ludwico Melzo, Regule militari … della cavalleria（Antwerp，1611）understands the dragoons to be mounted marksmen. Jähns，2：1050. Wallhausen has them armed in part with pikes.

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