1700084800 2.Journal of Anthony Duyck（Journaal van Anthonis Duyck），fiscal advocate of the Council of State（1591-1602）. Published under commission of the War Department, with introduction and notes by Ludwig Mulder, captain of infantry，3 volumes，1862-1866，s’Gravenhage and Arnhem. Duyck’s office was that of a chief of the war chancellery of the Council of State and of the highest juridical official for the army（Mulder, preface, p.LXXXVI）. He was normally present with the army and kept a daily account of events. To judge from an examination of his journal, he was so excellently informed on the thoughts of Maurice as to be possible only through direct verbal contact. In many passages we may consider the journal to be Maurice’s legacy to posterity. Gustav Roloff，“Maurice of Orange and the Founding of the Modern Army”（“Moritz von Oranien und die Begründung des modernen Heeres”），Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol.111，1903.

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1700084802 3.Jähns，1：869 f.

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1700084804 4.Jähns，1：472，705，says that in 1521 Delia Valle recommended the parade march in step; Lodrono did likewise（Jähns，1：724）. See also Hobohm，2：407. In a report on the battle of Ceresole by Bernardo Spina, published by Stallwitz as a supplement to his document on that battle（Berlin dissertation，1911，p.54），it is stated that the Spanish general del Guasto had the recruits drilled immediately before the battle. It is also reported that the French guards had conducted drills.

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1700084806 5.Jähns，1：735.

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1700084808 6.Dilich, Kriegsbuch，1607，p.254，discusses the steps taken to maintain the formation on the march. Among them he says “that in marching, an even and steady step is to be maintained” and “that the drummers maintain a correct beat as if the soldier had to dance by it.”

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1700084810 7.In March 1591 this proportion was 1：0.47. Mulder, preface to Duyck’s Journal，1：51 ff.，1862. He arrives at this number by taking the average of a large number of individual figures in the documents，figures that cannot be confirmed.

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1700084812 8.According to the sketches by John of Nassau, two ranks of musketeers were drawn up forward of the front of the “double-pay men，” that is, the pikemen. Plathner，“Graf Johann von Nassau，”Berlin dissertation，1913，p.57.

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1700084814 9.Dilich, Kriegsbuch，1607，p.290，is not very clear as to what is supposed to happen when a formation of pikemen and marksmen is attacked by mounted men or pikemen. They should either retire behind the pikemen or into the mass of them.

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1700084816 10.Stuttgart Manuscript of 1612. Jähns，2：924. John of Nassau states that Maurice never allowed his system of march and battle formation to be changed, once it had been established, so that merely by drum and trumpet signals each man could take his place. Plathner, p.58.

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1700084818 11.Plathner, p.57.

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1700084820 12.A letter from Sandolin to Lipsius, dated 16 July 1595. Cited in Jähns，2：880. Duke Henri Rohan reported later in his document（cited in Jähns，2：951）that Maurice had found that the armament with shields was better but had not been able to have his opinion accepted, since, of course, he was not the sovereign. See Hobohm，2：452.

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1700084822 13.Mulder, Van Duyck’s Journal，1：636 ff. From 9 August to 26 October 1595. Similarly in 1598. Reyd, Niederländische Geschichte, Vol.XV, Ed.1626，p.569. In the same year the brother of William Louis, John of Nassau, reported from Groningen to their father on drills in the garrisons. Archives of Oranien-Nassau，2d Series，2：403. Wallhausen, Kriegskunst zu Fuss, p.23，reproaches those who say:“What is drilling? When one is fighting for the enemy, one does not drill long.”

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1700084824 14.Chapters IV and VII and a particular paragraph，144，of Chapter XVIII are erroneously identified in the letter as Folio 144. The three echelons are prescribed in it：“Has très acies ad usum separatas, propinquitate conjunctas, ad se mutuo adjuvandas idoneas esse perspeximus”（“We observed that these three battle lines, separated for use and joined by their proximity, are suitable to aid each other mutually”）. The depth of the echelons is given as ten men in Leo. It is interesting to note, incidentally, how understanding and misunderstanding are often confused. In a rather careless way, Leo transferred the tradition concerning the Roman infantry（which eventually goes back to Livy，8.8）to the cavalry. But this attracted so little attention that William Louis, apparently without noticing Leo’s error, was able to transfer it back again to the infantry.

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1700084826 15.A set of instructions for the training of the individual man was Handling of the Guns, Muskets, and Spears（Waffenhandlung von den Rören, Musqueten und Spiessen）by Jacob de Geyn. The Hague，1608. Dedicated to Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg. The book is illustrated with large, handsome copper plates. Republished in 1640. The copper plates in Wallhausen’s Kriegskunst zu Fuss are different ones, also quite often different in their arrangement. Geyn distinguishes between marksmen and musketeers; he has forty-two commands for the former and forty-three for the latter. The musketeers have wooden powder containers on bandoliers, while the marksmen do not. For the spearmen there are twenty-one commands, many of them to be carried out in three speeds.

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1700084828 16.Rüstow，1：345，characterizes Maurice’s reforms as having simplified to the maximum the tactical formations. This seems to be the direct opposite of my description, to the extent that I see in the new formations something that had to be worked out and was not at all simple but possible only through hard work. But the difference is apparent rather than real. Rüstow is thinking of those artificial theoretical formations which he thoroughly discusses, like the cross battalion and the eight-cornered unit; they were nothing more than ingenious contrivances and never played a role in actual practice. And in comparison with this, the Netherlandish formation was, of course, a simplification. In comparison with the square of men or the geometric square, which up to that point were the only ones under practical consideration, the Netherlandish method was not a simplification but a far-reaching refinement, and it is only with this explanation that the historical progress is placed in the right light.

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1700084830 17.John of Nassau gives 135 as the normal number, of which 45 have the long spear and 74 are musketeers and marksmen. Plathner, p.40.

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1700084832 18.Everardus Reidanus, Belgarum aliarumque gentium annales（Annals of the Belgians and other Nations），Leyden，1633，8：192. Emmius, Guilelmus Ludovieus（William Louis），1621，p.67. See also Mulder’s preface to Duyck’s Journal，1：16.

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1700084834 19.Krebs, Battle on the White Mountain（Schlacht an dem Weissen Berge），p.25 ff.

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1700084836 20.Reyd, p.281.

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1700084838 21.Billon, p.191.

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1700084840 22.Maurice（19 June 1593），Archives-Oranien-Nassau，2d Series，1：24.

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1700084842 23.Printed in the Works of the Historical Society（Historisch Genootschap）in Utrecht. New series, No.37. Utrecht，1883，p.448 ff.

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1700084844 4　古斯塔夫·阿道夫

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1700084846 1.Fahlbeck, Preussische Jahrbücher，133：535.

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1700084848 2.According to G. Droysen, Gustav Adolf，2：85，the king landed in Pomerania in 1630

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