1700084992 19.The statements in the biographies by Sarrans-Jeune and Kläber, concerning Bernadotte’s entrance into service, do not agree completely.

1700084993

1700084994 20.Daniels, Preussische Jahrbücher，77：523.

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1700084996 21.Hoyer, Geschichte der Kriegskunst，2：199. According to Nys, International Law（Le droit international），3：512，the first treaty on ransoms was made in 1550 between Maurice of Saxony and Magdeburg. The ransom was not to exceed one month’s pay. Heffter-Geffcken, International Law（Völkerrecht），section 142，names as the oldest agreement concerning the exchange of prisoners and ransoms a treaty between France and Holland in 1673. Pradier-Fodéré，Traité de droit international public，7：45，refers to still other treaties. At times the maximum limit for a ransom was fixed at the pay for a quarter of the year.

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1700084998 22.The first promise to care for the sick and wounded that I can remember having read is contained in a pay contract of Stralsund of 1510（Beck, Artikelsbriefe, p.118），where care of the wounded and of disabled veterans is promised.

1700084999

1700085000 23.Daniels，“Ferdinand von Braunschweig，”Preussische Jahrbücher，80：509. See also 79：287.

1700085001

1700085002 3　勃兰登堡-普鲁士

1700085003

1700085004 1.The Netherlander Le Hon（Hondius）wrote concerning Wallhausen（Jähns，2：1039）：

1700085005

1700085006 Wallhausen has made a large book of the drills of a regiment which do not occur among us and were also not used by the Prince of Orange … which are nothing more than fantasies that one puts on paper and which cannot be applied by any officer or soldier, indeed not by the author himself, who, like Icarus, wants to fly so high that he must fall down from above, who thinks that by putting figures on paper they must be heard by many people.

1700085007

1700085008 The Frenchman Bardin called Wallhausen’s Kriegskunst zu Fuss “an illegible confused mixture, from which there is nothing to be learned”（Jähns，2：1042）.

1700085009

1700085010 2.In his defense let it be noted that even a soldier like Montecuccoli wrote something similar：“If one wishes to form a unit of lancers, not for the attack but for defense, one can give it a square formation, facing toward all four sides.”Round or spherical formations were also recommended. Writings（Schriften），1：352.

1700085011

1700085012 3.L. Plathner，“Count John of Nassau and the First Military School”（“Graf Johann von Nassau und die erste Kriegsschule”），Berlin dissertation，1913.

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1700085014 4.Around 1559 Count Reinhart Solms wrote a military encyclopedia, which Jähns，1：510，calls “Military Government”（“Kriegsregierung”），in which he emphatically rejects the idea of the militia, since the men would run away when the situation became serious. Lazarus Schwendi was in favor of the militia（Jähns, p.539）. General von Klitzing drew up a report for Duke Georg of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in which he stated that, according to his experience, militiamen could not stand up to recruited troops. He recommended mixing recruited soldiers and those who were levied. Von dem Decken, Duke George of Braunschweig-Lüneburg（Herzog Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg），2：189.

1700085015

1700085016 5.The militia was only used with success once in a secondary role; when the duke moved into Bohemia in 1620，he used the militia to protect his country against the Union. Krebs, Battle on the White Mountain（Schlacht am weissen Berge），p.32.

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1700085018 6.When the burgomaster of Augsburg in 1544 forced all the citizens to procure weapons and participate in daily drills, the entire city rose up against this procedure and said it was nonsense, an unnecessary waste of time and money, since, in view of the importance of Augsburg’s industries, this purpose could better and more cheaply be accomplished with paid mercenaries. Schmoller, Tübinger Zeitschrift，16：486.

1700085019

1700085020 7.Jany, The Beginnings of the Old Army（Die Anfänge der alten Armee），p.2.

1700085021

1700085022 8.Jany，1：10. Krollmann, The Defense Work in the Kingdom of Prussia（Das Defensionswerk im Königreich Preussen），1909.

1700085023

1700085024 9.Meynert, History of the Military and of Army Organizations in Europe（Geschichte des Kriegswesens und der Heerverfassungen in Europa），2：99.

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1700085026 10.In June 1625 the total cost of deliveries in Hesse taken by the billeted troops of the League since 1623 only in the cities and the villages subject to the princes（and not the villages of the nobility），without counting robberies and destruction, was estimated as 3，318，000 imperial talers. This was much more than ten times the amount approved by the Estates three years earlier for the landgrave, but with which the country had not been able to be defended. M. Ritter, German History（Deutsche Geschichte），3：260. Gindely estimates the total contributions raised by Wallenstein in his first period of command as between 200 and 210 million talers. The city of Halle alone showed that from December 1625 to September 1627 it had paid 430，274 guilders.

1700085027

1700085028 11.Droysen, Prussian Politics（Preussische Politik），3：1，49.

1700085029

1700085030 12.von Bonin，“The War Council of the Electorate of Brandenburg，1630-41”（“Der kurbrandenburgische Kriegsrat，1630-1641”），Brandenburgisch-Preussische Forschungen，1913，p.51 ff.

1700085031

1700085032 13.Researchers are not yet completely in agreement on the content and the nature of the reduction of 1641 and of the strength until 1656. J.G. Droysen’s concept that it was principally a question in 1641 of a relief from the double obligation to the emperor and the prince elector and that the young ruler simultaneously broke the opposition of the colonels and the Estates in order to create the unified army thenceforth obligated only to the prince has now been generally dropped. Meinardus，“Minutes and Accounts of the Brandenburg Privy Council”（“Protokolle und Relationen des Brandenburgischen Geheimen Rats”），introduction to the first and second volumes. Article，“Schwarzenberg” in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Article in the Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol.86，by Schrötter，“The Brandenburg-Prussian Army Organization Under the Great Elector”（“Die brandenburgisch-preussische Heeresverfassung unter dem Grossen Kurfürsten”），1892. Brake，“The Reduction of the Brandenburg-Prussian Army in the Summer of 1641”（“Die Reduktion des brandenburgisch-preussischen Heeres im Sommer 1641”），Bonn dissertation，1898. In this connection see also Meinardus, Historische Zeitschrift，81：556，82：370. Jany，“Die Anfänge der alten Armee.”Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte des preussischen Heeres（Documentary Contributions to the History of the Prussian Army），Vol.1，1901.

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1700085034 14.Ferdinand Hirsch，“The Army of the Great Elector”（“Die Armee des Grossen Kurfürsten”），Historische Zeitschrift，53（1885）：231.

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1700085036 15.This important observation is made by B.von Bonin in the Archives for Military Law（Archiv für Militärrecht），1911，p.262.

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1700085038 16.See the article “The Prussian District President”（“Der preussische Landrat”）in my Historical and Political Essays（Historische und politische Aufsätze），where the difference between the Prussian, English, and French administrative systems is discussed.

1700085039

1700085040 17.Ritter，“Wallenstein’s System of Contributions”（“Das Kontributionssystem Wallensteins”），Historische Zeitschrift，90：193. In Wallenstein’s army administration, which attempted to assure that, despite all their contributions, the burghers and peasants could tolerate them quite well, Ranke has already recognized the “trait of the national prince” in the great condottiere.

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