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2.According to the supplement in Lehmann’s Scharnhorst，1：543，Prince Ferdinand of Braunschweig was perhaps the very first to express this idea of using the third rank for the skirmisher fight, when in January 1761 he commanded a general in the Hanoverian light troops to equip the third rank with grooved-bore muskets.
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3.Documentary Contributions to the History of the Prussian Army（Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte des preussischen Heeres），Vol.5，“The Combat Training of the Prussian Infantry of 1806”（“Die Gefechtsausbildung der preussichen Infanterie von 1806”），by Jany，1903. Möllendorff’s order reads as follows：“The position of the musket must be shown to the men better, so that they no longer lean their head against the stock and aim, as formerly, but press the butt against the shoulder, holding the head upright, and thus hold the musket horizontally as His Majesty the King primarily reminded them and commanded at this year’s review.”In 1807 the Reorganization Commission recommended the “introduction of stocks more definitely curved, which make aiming possible.”Scherbening, The Reorganization of the Prussian Army（Die Reorganisation der preussischen Armee）.
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4.Life of Gneisenau（Leben Gneisenaus），3d Ed.，1907. Supplemented by the article “New Information on 1813”（“Neues über 1813”），Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol.157，July，1914.“General von Clausewitz”；“The Prussian Officer Class”（“Der preussische Offizierstand”）—both articles in the Historical and Political Essays（Historische und politische Aufsätze），2d Ed.，1907.“On Max Lehmann’s Stein”（“Ueber Max Lehmanns Stein”），Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol.134，1908.“From Arminius to Scharnhorst”（“Von Armin bis Scharnhorst”），in the collection In Defense and Weapons（In Wehr und Waffen），edited by von Caemmerer and von Ardenne.
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5.Very well explained by Ommen, The Conduct of War of Archduke Charles（Die Kriegführung des Erzherzogs Karl）.
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6.The same thing is reported by Valory of the Prussian cavalry in 1742，Brandenburgisch-Preussische Forschungen，7：310. Valory wrote that an outstanding Prussian officer had told him that in the battle of Chotusitz, when the closely formed Prussian squadrons had reached the enemy, it was first necessary to shout to the men that they were to strike with their sabers. Frederick himself told the same thing to Count Gisors. Rousset, Le comte de Gisors, p.105.
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7.According to A. Müffling, My Life（Mein Leben），p.31.
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8.Fr.Meinecke, Life of Boyen（Leben Boyens）.
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9.These instructions are from the year 1809，and they were then assembled as training regulations in 1812. As a continuation of the distinction between line infantry and light infantry, there still also remained the difference between the musketeer（or grenadier）battalions and the fusilier battalions, but this difference can be passed over, since it had no practical significance.
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10.The history of the wars of liberation has in no work been at the same time more extensively developed and more confused than by the Memorable Recollections from the Life of the Imperial Russian General of Infantry Carl Frederick Count von Toll（Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben des kaiserlichen russischen Generals der Infanterie Carl Friedrich Grafen von Toll）by Theodor von Bernhardi. The book is excellently written, the author is a competent military analyst, and the papers left by Toll provided him the most valuable material—it is no wonder that for a long time his judgment enjoyed an almost saintly respect. I, too, long deferred to his authority and only by laborious research learned to overcome his prejudice, point by point.
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11.Critical extremists have also puttered around with this great deed. In addition to my Gneisenau, these have also been very well rejected by Caemmerer in The Wars of Liberation. A Strategic Survey（Die Befreiungskriege. Ein strategischer Ueberblick），1907.
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战争艺术史 [1]尼德兰（Netherlands）的意思就是低地，历史上大致包括今天的荷兰（正式国名为尼德兰）、比利时、卢森堡三国和德国的一部分。下文中的“荷兰”有时与尼德兰同义。
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[2]本名皮埃尔·泰拉伊（Pierre Terrail），巴亚尔城堡领主（1473—1524），有“无可挑剔的骑士”之称，投靠法王查理八世后扬名于意大利战争。
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[3]作者是第一代维耶维埃尔领主弗朗索瓦（1509—1571），法国官员和外交官，弗朗索瓦一世时期为御前顾问和元帅。
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[4]埃尔（ell）是中世纪的布匹长度单位。
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[5]如无特殊说明，本章及之后提到的“火器”（firearms）指的都是枪炮一类的管式火器，不包括手榴弹、地雷等同样利用火药爆炸能量的武器。
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[6]即魔术弹。
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[7]巴伐利亚军人（约1520—1575），曾效力于3位皇帝帐下，代表作是3卷本《兵书》（Kriegsbuch）。
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[8]文艺复兴时期德意志数学家（1488—1552），任教于巴塞尔大学，以制作地图和教授宇宙学闻名。
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[9]全名为弗朗索瓦·德拉努（1531—1591），法国胡格诺派首领和军人，著有《军政论集》（Discours politiques et militaires）一书。
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[10]即勃兰登堡藩侯，因其有资格参与选举皇帝，故有“选帝侯”之称。
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[11]全名阿尔布雷希特·瓦伦斯坦，又译华伦斯坦，波希米亚贵族，三十年战争（1618—1648）中帝国一方的杰出将领。
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[12]这个词在现代指的是最高级军衔“元帅”，但若译为“元帅”，则不符合上下文和历史语境。前面的“团长”和“队长”也是类似的情况，对应现代的上校和上尉军衔，但此时是实际职务。
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[13]全名加斯帕尔·德·科利尼（1519—1572），法国军人和政治家，法国宗教战争时期的胡格诺派领袖，最后死于天主教势力发动的圣巴托洛缪大屠杀。
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