1700088646

1700088647 7.R.Adam, in his dissertation “De Herodoti ratione historica quaestiones selectae sive de pugna Salaminia atque Plataeensi”（Berlin，1890），shows that the army strengths and number of ships given by Herodotus are based on an estimate table that removes from them any residual element of credibility.

1700088648

1700088649 2　希腊人的装备与战术

1700088650

1700088651 1.Adolf Bauer, Section 40，says three meters. On this point, see also below, the study on the sarissae.

1700088652

1700088653 2.H.Droysen, Army Organization（Heerwesen），p.24，cites several passages in which the harness is not named as a piece of equipment for the Spartans and considers it possible that they, in contrast to the other Greeks, did not wear any. That would be a far-reaching difference. Nevertheless, this opinion is certainly incorrect. Droysen himself cites a passage from Tyrtaeus in which armor is expressly named, and if one were inclined to conclude from the passage in Xenophon’s Anabasis 1.2.16 that Cyrus’ mercenaries wore no armor, that would also have to apply to all the Greeks represented among them.

1700088654

1700088655 3.H.Droysen, Heerwesen, p.171，footnote, recommends using the word phalanx only with respect to foot soldiers armed with the sarissa, whose particular combat position consisted in the “closeness of their formation in comparison with those in the rear.”* I believe in holding fast, however, to the expression that has become quite common, which I think I can best establish with the definition given above. The basis therefore will gradually emerge as our study progresses. Droysen himself shows that the Greek usage is very indefinite and has varied.

1700088656

1700088657 4. The account of Isocrates（Archidamus, p.99），which says the Spartans had conquered the Arcadians at Dipaea in one rank, which Duncker，8：134，accepted, has been justifiably rejected by Droysen, p.45，and Adolf Bauer, p.243（2d ed.，p.305），as rhetorical exaggeration. Droysen, with equal justification, also rejects the two ranks of Polyaenus 2.1.24.

1700088658

1700088659 5.Lysias, Mantitheus 16.15. The speaker, Mantitheus, boasts:“There was an expedition to Corinth, and everyone knew ahead of time that it would be a dangerous undertaking. Although some were shirking back, I arranged it so that I might fight our enemies in the front line. And our phyle had the worst luck and suffered the worst losses among its own men. I quit the field later than that excellent man from Steiria who has been accusing everyone of cowardice.”* For this fine quotation I am indebted to the book Warfare of Antiquity（Das Kriegswesen des Altertums），by Hugo Liers, p.46.

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1700088661 6.Concerning the combination of Spartiates and Perioeci in the same military formation, see Bauer, paras.18，19，and 23，and, now at the center of a lively controversy, Kromayer, Klio 3（1903）：177 ff, and Beloch, Klio 6：63. On this occasion the following splendid evidence of the importance of the first rank has come to light. Isocrates, Panathenaicus 180.271，writes: “For in the campaign that the king led, they arranged them man by man in rank with themselves, and they also stationed some men in the first rank.”*

1700088662

1700088663 7.Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.3.25. For further information on this point, see below, Book II, Chapter V.

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1700088665 8.Xenophon, Hellenica 6.2.21.

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1700088667 9.Thucydides, too, reports that the Lacedaemonians, specifically, did not normally carry the pursuit far（5.73）. Helbig，“On the Original Period of the Closed Phalanx”（Uber die Einführungszeit der geschlossenen Phalanx”）Sitzungs-Bericht der Bayerischen Akademie 1911，believes, based on insufficient sources, that the Chalcidians formed the first phalanx.

1700088668

1700088669 3　希腊军队的实际兵力　无

1700088670

1700088671 4　波斯军队

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1700088673 1.Verse 25：“Those who subdue with the bow, and the horsemen”*

1700088674

1700088675 Verse 82：“He leads spear-subduing Ares against men famed for the spear.”*

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1700088677 Verse 133：“Whether it is the drawing of the bow or the strength of the spear-headed lance that has prevailed.”*

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1700088679 Verse 226：“Is it the bow-stretching arrow that is strong in their hands? Not at all: they have lances for close fights and shields to use as armor.”*

1700088680

1700088681 Verse 864：“Those who subdue with the bow.”*

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1700088683 Herodotus says the same thing in 9. 18 and 9.49. Also a consecration formula of Simonides（fragment 143，Bergk）states: “These bows which are now finished with tearful warfare lie under the roof of Athena’s temple; often, mournfully, in the melee, they were bathed in the blood of the man-destroying horsemen of Persia.”*

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1700088685 Likewise, fragment 97，Bergk, p. 452. Colonel Billerbeck in his study “Susa” calls attention to the fact that the reliefs show the principal weapon of the Iranians to have been not the bow, but the lance. Not only the specific statements of the Greeks, but also, as we shall see, the course of events, point indisputably to the bow. We must leave it to the specialists to clarify the reliefs.

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1700088687 2.Herodotus 7.61 and 9.22.

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1700088689 3. The nature of the Persian Empire as a feudal nation has recently been studied and described still further by Georg Husing in an essay “Porusatis and the Achamandish Feudal System”（“Porusatis und das achamanidische Lehenswesen”），Berichte des Forschungs-Instituts für Osten und Orient in Wien, Vol.2，1918.

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1700088691 4.“The Persians were not inferior in either courage or bodily strength, but being unarmed and untrained, they were not the equals of their enemies in respect to skill”*（Herodotus 9. 62，on the battle of Plataea）.

1700088692

1700088693 5　马拉松会战

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1700088695 1. The passage reads: “Sub montis radicibus acie regione instructa non apertissima proelium commiserunt, namque arbores multis locis erant rarae, hoc consilio, ut et montium altitudine tegerentur et arborum tractu equitatus hostium impediretur, ne multitudine clauderentur.”（“The line was drawn up at the base of a mountain, where the plain was not totally open—for there were trees here and there in many places—ana they joined battle. Their plan was to protect themselves by the height of the mountains, and to keep the enemy’s cavalry back, impeded by the scattered trees, so that they themselves would not be overcome by the enemy’s superior numbers.”）Instead of “arbores rarae，”A.Buchner（Corn. Hepotis vitae cum Augusti Buchneri commentario. Francof.a. Lipsiae，1721）has proposed that one should read “stratae，” which is actually more appropriate, but is no longer necessary, since one reads, instead of “nova arte, vi summa，”“non apertissima.”

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