1700088666

1700088667 9.Thucydides, too, reports that the Lacedaemonians, specifically, did not normally carry the pursuit far（5.73）. Helbig，“On the Original Period of the Closed Phalanx”（Uber die Einführungszeit der geschlossenen Phalanx”）Sitzungs-Bericht der Bayerischen Akademie 1911，believes, based on insufficient sources, that the Chalcidians formed the first phalanx.

1700088668

1700088669 3　希腊军队的实际兵力　无

1700088670

1700088671 4　波斯军队

1700088672

1700088673 1.Verse 25：“Those who subdue with the bow, and the horsemen”*

1700088674

1700088675 Verse 82：“He leads spear-subduing Ares against men famed for the spear.”*

1700088676

1700088677 Verse 133：“Whether it is the drawing of the bow or the strength of the spear-headed lance that has prevailed.”*

1700088678

1700088679 Verse 226：“Is it the bow-stretching arrow that is strong in their hands? Not at all: they have lances for close fights and shields to use as armor.”*

1700088680

1700088681 Verse 864：“Those who subdue with the bow.”*

1700088682

1700088683 Herodotus says the same thing in 9. 18 and 9.49. Also a consecration formula of Simonides（fragment 143，Bergk）states: “These bows which are now finished with tearful warfare lie under the roof of Athena’s temple; often, mournfully, in the melee, they were bathed in the blood of the man-destroying horsemen of Persia.”*

1700088684

1700088685 Likewise, fragment 97，Bergk, p. 452. Colonel Billerbeck in his study “Susa” calls attention to the fact that the reliefs show the principal weapon of the Iranians to have been not the bow, but the lance. Not only the specific statements of the Greeks, but also, as we shall see, the course of events, point indisputably to the bow. We must leave it to the specialists to clarify the reliefs.

1700088686

1700088687 2.Herodotus 7.61 and 9.22.

1700088688

1700088689 3. The nature of the Persian Empire as a feudal nation has recently been studied and described still further by Georg Husing in an essay “Porusatis and the Achamandish Feudal System”（“Porusatis und das achamanidische Lehenswesen”），Berichte des Forschungs-Instituts für Osten und Orient in Wien, Vol.2，1918.

1700088690

1700088691 4.“The Persians were not inferior in either courage or bodily strength, but being unarmed and untrained, they were not the equals of their enemies in respect to skill”*（Herodotus 9. 62，on the battle of Plataea）.

1700088692

1700088693 5　马拉松会战

1700088694

1700088695 1. The passage reads: “Sub montis radicibus acie regione instructa non apertissima proelium commiserunt, namque arbores multis locis erant rarae, hoc consilio, ut et montium altitudine tegerentur et arborum tractu equitatus hostium impediretur, ne multitudine clauderentur.”（“The line was drawn up at the base of a mountain, where the plain was not totally open—for there were trees here and there in many places—ana they joined battle. Their plan was to protect themselves by the height of the mountains, and to keep the enemy’s cavalry back, impeded by the scattered trees, so that they themselves would not be overcome by the enemy’s superior numbers.”）Instead of “arbores rarae，”A.Buchner（Corn. Hepotis vitae cum Augusti Buchneri commentario. Francof.a. Lipsiae，1721）has proposed that one should read “stratae，” which is actually more appropriate, but is no longer necessary, since one reads, instead of “nova arte, vi summa，”“non apertissima.”

1700088696

1700088697 2.Lieutenant General von Quistorp, Supplements to the Military Weekly（Beihefte zum Militär-Wochenblatt）1897，p.186.

1700088698

1700088699 3.Even a phalanx of professional soldiers, such as the mercenaries of Cyrus, is incapable of moving forward in orderly fashion for a considerable distance at a run.“They shouted to one another not to run headlong, but to pursue the enemy in order，”* Xenophon tells us in Anabasis 1.8.19.

1700088700

1700088701 Caesar, in Bell Gall. 2.18 ff.，recounts how the Nervii, suddenly attacking his soldiers, rushed 200 paces down a hill, across the 3-feet-deep Sambre, and then stormed up a hill. That is a very great accomplishment, but it does not permit a comparison with Marathon, since（1）the Gauls were not, under any circumstances, as heavily armored as the Athenian hoplites，（2）the run was broken up by the fording of the river，（3）the entire distance is not mentioned at all, and（4）the Gauls, falling on the Romans as they were digging in, did not need to rely on their own tactical alignment.

1700088702

1700088703 In Bell Gall. 3.19，the Gauls suddenly attack a Roman camp and cover 1，000 paces—8 stadia—with a great run（“magno cursu”）. They arrive so exhausted and breathless that they cannot cope with the Romans, who make a sally, and they immediately take flight. Of itself, however, this incident is not conclusive, since the run was uphill and the Gauls were carrying fascines. One might also well question whether the 1，000 paces were covered at an uninterrupted, actual run, since it was not a question of an ordered phalanx, in which all must move at the same tempo if no disorder is to occur, but rather of an unaligned mass, in which a man who runs short of breath can slow down for a while.

1700088704

1700088705 4.A brook divides the Vrana valley into two parts. Although it is not really deep even today, it nevertheless necessarily had a considerably disruptive effect on the advance of a closed and well-ordered phalanx. Possibly Miltiades did not have the valley narrowed on both sides by abatis, but blocked off one side completely, from the mountain to the brook.

1700088706

1700088707 5.Cyrus speaks as follows in the Cyropaedia 5.4.44.“To move forward and to move laterally are not the same. For the man moves forward who is of such a mind as to believe that he is best able to fight—on the other hand, one has to move by laterally with an extended column of wagons and a long-drawn-out pack train. The whole formation, however, must be covered by armed men and the pack train must never appear to the enemy to be unprotected. Necessarily, then, in such a movement the armed part of the formation is disposed thinly and weakly.”

1700088708

1700088709 6.In Polyaenus 2.2.3，there is a description of how Clearch led the Greeks into the attack at Cunaxa: “He led the phalanx at the march to a point opposite the troops, astonishing the barbarians with their good order. And when he was almost within range of the missiles, he gave orders for the men to run, so that they would not be hit by the missiles.”* And similarly Diodorus. The fact that this description is not at odds with that of Xenophon, according to which the phalanx spontaneously broke into a run, is effectively presented by G. Friedrich, Neue Jahrbücher fur Philologie 151：26. Paul Reichard, writing in Deutsche Rundschau 12（September 1890）：426，reports that Stanley claimed in his book to have shot far.beyond 200 meters with an African bow. Reichard goes on to say that that was, at the least, an exaggeration. He himself had once engaged in a contest with Watusis, the best bowmen of East Africa, in which the strongest one had shot only 120 meters, or 160 paces, while he, Reichard, had shot seven paces farther. In like manner, Lieutenant Morgen once reported, in a lecture about Cameroons, that the arrow shot from a bow reached in certain conditions a distance of 150 to 180 paces. Nevertheless, the Asiatic bows, according to the research of Luschan（“On the ancient bow” [Uber den an-tiken Bogen，”] Festschrift für Benndorf，1898，and in the Verhandlungen der Berliner anthropologischen Gesellschaft, Session of 18 February 1899），were much better than the African ones, and the very best ones, the making of which required many years, shot an unbelievably long distance. Strabo，14.1.23，reports that Mithri-dates shot an arrow from the roof of the temple of Ephesus and decreed that the free area of the temple, which up to that point extended a stadium, would extend thenceforth to the range of this shot, which, as Strabo says, went a little farther. At any rate, Mith-ridates had the best bow and was an excellent marksman, and if he did not considerably exceed a stadium in distant—that is, high-angle—shooting, then a low-trajectory shot certainly did not exceed 200 to 240 paces. A recently published epigram from Olbin praises the archer Anaxagoras for having been able to shoot 280 Master, or 521.6 meters（Literarisches Centralblatt[1901]，Column 887）. Naturally, for a large army only a performance of lesser quality comes into consideration. Vegetius estimates 600 feet; Jähns, History of the Development of Ancient Offensive Weapons（Entwicklungsgeschichte der alten Trutzwaffen），p.281，“up to 250 paces for low-trajectory shooting，400 for high-angle shooting.”More modern investigation by Paul Reimer，“The Bow”（“Der Pfeilbogen”），Prometheus, No.944，20 November 1907.

1700088710

1700088711 6　温泉关会战

1700088712

1700088713 1.Because of the most recent enlargement of armies, this thesis must be modified. With the gigantic masses of the standing armies that are now available, even long mountain ranges can be so closely occupied that they cannot easily be penetrated. In this way we succeeded for a long time in the winter of 1914-1915 in holding the Carpathians against the Russians.

1700088714

1700088715 2.Livy 36.30.

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