1700088746

1700088747 1.Not until the Peloponnesian War did the Spartans create cavalry and archer units, in order to defend their land against the Athenians, who would quickly attack from the sea, now here and now there.（Thucydides 4.55.）

1700088748

1700088749 2.See Bauer, Section 52.

1700088750

1700088751 3.Wernicke, in Hermes 26（1891）：51，states the opinion that the Athenian citizens who served as “bowmen”* had come from the poorer classes.

1700088752

1700088753 4.Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.1. Thrasylus is sent out with a fleet and equips five thousand of his sailors as peltasts.

1700088754

1700088755 2　伯利克里战略

1700088756

1700088757 1.Athens lost 4，450 hoplites and citizen-cavalrymen; in addition, on each trireme at least a few Athenian citizens as officers. The entire expedition, with all its logistical support, can be estimated at 60，000 men.

1700088758

1700088759 3　雇佣兵

1700088760

1700088761 1.Böckh, National Economy（Staatshaushalt），1：152，340（3d ed.）. The wages varied between 4 obols and 1 drachma（6 obols）per man; for the hoplites, therefore，2 drachmas，1 for the warrior and 1 for his servant, including ration money. When the humorist Theopomp says that a man could feed a wife on 2 obols and that he could be completely happy on 4，he probably means the base pay aside from the ration allowance, which was, where needed, provided by 2 additional obols. At the time of Aristotle the Athenian ephebi received 4 obols daily, their instructors 1 drachma. State of the Athenians（Staat der Athener），Chapter 42.

1700088762

1700088763 2.Nöthe, Federal Council, Federal Taxes, and Military Service of the Delhi League（Bundesrat, Bundessteuer und Kriegsdienst der delischen Bündner），Magdeburg Program，1880. Guide, Military Procedures of the First Athenian League（Kriegsverfahren des ersten athenischen Bundes），Neuhaldensleben Program，1888.

1700088764

1700088765 3.Speech of Nicias, Thucydides 6.68：“… Against men that meet us in a mob and are not picked men as we are, and even against Sicelots, who, on the one hand, despise us, but yet do not stand their ground against us, because their skill is less than their daring.”*

1700088766

1700088767 4.Xenophon, Hellenica 1.6.24. The Athenians decided to move out with 110 ships，“putting aboard every one of military age, whether they were slave or free. Even many of the knights went on board.”*

1700088768

1700088769 5.According to a report contained in Polyaenus 3.3，Tolmidas, when he was once supposed to move out with 1，000 hoplites, was joined by 3，000 volunteers. Two passages in Aristophanes seem to contradict this. In The Knights, verse 1369，Demos expresses the wish that men will no longer be excused from hoplite service by favoritism, and in Peace, verse 1179，an individual is very unhappy because he finds that he is suddenly once again called up for service, and he complains that in general the country people are oppressed in this regard, while the city dwellers are given the preference. It is clear, therefore, that at that time（424 and 421 B.C.）the army levy had not yet become a purely voluntary, reimbursed service.

1700088770

1700088771 6.In Aristotle, On the State of the Athenians, Chapter 24，where he explains that the mass of Athenians lived from the state（by virtue of the taxes of the allies），it is also said that the city maintained 2，500 hoplites. It is not easy to say how we should interpret this. There can be no thought of a standing army. The peripoloi, who had a strength of about 2，000，can hardly be meant here. Perhaps there existed an arrangement whereby 2，500 men were to keep themselves in a special degree of readiness at any given moment, were occasionally assembled, had to drill, and received a small reimbursement. It can hardly have been otherwise, at any rate, with the 1，200 cavalrymen and 1，600 archers whom Aristotle mentions in the same line. Beloch, in Klio 5：357，expressed the conjecture that it must simply have been 12，500 instead of 2，500，and, in the end, that seems to me to be the most logical solution.

1700088772

1700088773 4　公元前4世纪对原有战术体系的完善

1700088774

1700088775 1.Herodotus 1.61. The mercenaries of Pisistratus seem, in fact, to have been not Greeks but Scythians. Helbig, Sitzungs-Berichte der Münchner Akademie 2（1897）：259. A military review by Pisistratus or Hippias on a dark-figured bowl.

1700088776

1700088777 2.Herodotus 3.39.

1700088778

1700088779 3.Thucydides 5.57.2. Xenophon, Hellenica 3.5.24.

1700088780

1700088781 4.Hellenica 3.4.15：“… Unless he procured a sufficient cavalry force, he would not be able to campaign in the plains; he therefore took it to mind that one should be provided, so that he would not have to fight the war shirkingly.”*

1700088782

1700088783 5.Adolf Bauer, para.47.

1700088784

1700088785 6.Diodorus, Book 10.

1700088786

1700088787 7.“On Machines and Their Names”（“Ueber die Konstruktionen und Namen”），Bauer, para. 58.

1700088788

1700088789 5　色诺芬理论

1700088790

1700088791 1.Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.13：The allied forces moving out against Sparta in the year 395 B.C.take counsel “into how many（ranks）one ought to order the army so that you do not have to move the hoplites too much while the cities（allies）are surrounding the enemy.”* From this it seems as if the individual contingents had the tendency to form up as deep as possible, in order to concentrate as much power as possible, without realizing that this could cause the entire battle line to be too short, or in the hope that the others would be so kind as to line up in a shallower formation.

1700088792

1700088793 2.For an exception, see p.56，above.

1700088794

1700088795 6　伊巴密浓达　无

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