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4.Hellenica 3.4.15：“… Unless he procured a sufficient cavalry force, he would not be able to campaign in the plains; he therefore took it to mind that one should be provided, so that he would not have to fight the war shirkingly.”*
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5.Adolf Bauer, para.47.
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6.Diodorus, Book 10.
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7.“On Machines and Their Names”（“Ueber die Konstruktionen und Namen”），Bauer, para. 58.
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5 色诺芬理论
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1.Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.13：The allied forces moving out against Sparta in the year 395 B.C.take counsel “into how many（ranks）one ought to order the army so that you do not have to move the hoplites too much while the cities（allies）are surrounding the enemy.”* From this it seems as if the individual contingents had the tendency to form up as deep as possible, in order to concentrate as much power as possible, without realizing that this could cause the entire battle line to be too short, or in the hope that the others would be so kind as to line up in a shallower formation.
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2.For an exception, see p.56，above.
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6 伊巴密浓达 无
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第三篇 马其顿军队
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1 马其顿军制
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1.Thucydides does not mention here the superior protective armor of the Greeks, and perhaps the Illyrians were better equipped in this regard than the Macedonians, who were more accustomed to the agricultural life and therefore, in general, less warlike, although Arrian（1.1.12）again specifically characterizes the Illyrian and Thracian barbarians as “ill-equipped allies.”* Furthermore, in his speech Brasidas specifically calls the Illyrians the equals of the Macedonians, and we may therefore apply the description to the latter also.
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2.“Concerning Horsemanship”*（12. 12），“in place of a spear made of cane.”* The meaning of the Greek word “kamakinon” is not certain, nor is even the manner of reading it, but judging from the whole context, it is almost impossible that anything but a long spear is meant here.
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3.Xenophon’s remark may be considered in connection with the cavalry combat in Hellenica 3.4.13. The account shows, however, that at that time the Greek cavalry carried not the short spear, but the long one.
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Furthermore, it is not understandable without further explanation in this account, why the Persians had such a deep formation. They were not able to throw their spears from the rearmost ranks. The explanation lies perhaps in the fact that the Persians were counting on penetrating the Greek line with their deep column and, in doing so, throwing their spears to the right and left.
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4.Diodorus 17.60. Arrian 1.15.
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5.Adolf Bauer, para.313（2d ed.，para，433），concludes from Arrian 1.6.5 that the companions did not normally carry a shield.1 cannot find that the passage necessitates this conclusion; in fact, it hardly permits it.Cavalry shields were naturally much smaller than those of the infantry. Since in Plutarch, Alexander, Chapter 16，there is specific mention of the shield that the king carries into combat, and later, according to Polybius 6.25.7，the Macedonian cavalrymen undoubtedly had shields, it seems certain to me that such was also the case in earlier periods.
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6.See also below, Vol.IV, Book III, Chapter III.
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7.Concerning the discomfort of carrying and the difficulty of fighting with the long spear, see also Vol.IV, Book I, Chapter I.
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8.Adolf Bauer, para.272，estimates 3 meters; among all the vase figures that I have looked through, however, I have never found such long hoplite spears, even where there is no limitation of space.
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9.R.Wille, Text on Arms（Waffenlehre），p.79.
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10.A.Krause, in Hermes，1890，para.66，proved quite conclusively that Alexander also had slingers in his army and that Arrian intends them to be included in the word “toxetai”（“archers”）.*
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2 亚历山大与波斯：格拉尼卡斯河会战
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1.That is the result of the careful examination of the sources in W. Dittberner, Issos（Berlin: George Nauck，1908）.
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2.Bauer, para.314（2d ed.，434）even claims that the Macedonians represented not much more than a sixth of the entire army. That is too small under any circumstances. A. Krause, in the passage cited above（Hermes，1890），distinguishes among（1）a field army；（2）an army of occupation；（3）a satrap army, which was formed in the conquered areas by the appointed satraps.
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That is fundamentally correct but much too sharply distinguished. Naturally, there were troops that were used primarily for operations and battles, others that were more often assigned to garrisons, and finally the appointed governors did indeed form new military organizations But according to the circumstances, all of these various troops were naturally used for the various purposes of the waging of war, sometimes in battle, sometimes as occupation forces.
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