1700088896

1700088897 2.Athenaeus reports（5.35.202-203）about a procession in Alexandria in about 275 or 274 B.C.in which 57，600 dismounted men and 23，210 mounted men had formed the rear units.

1700088898

1700088899 Appian reports in Preface, Chapter 10，that Ptolemy II had possessed, toward the end of his reign, an army of 200，000 dismounted men，40，000 cavalry，300 elephants，2，000 war chariots，1，500 warships and 2，000 transport ships.

1700088900

1700088901 Paul M. Meyer, in The Military System of the Ptolemies and the Romans in Egypt（Das Heerwesen der Ptolemäer und Römer in Aegypten），p.8，accepts these figures. Nevertheless, it is not hard to recognize that they are greatly exaggerated. One need only imagine what a parade of 57，600 dismounted men and 23，210 mounted men through the streets of a city means. Egypt may at that time have had 3 to 4 million inhabitants（Beloch, Population[Bevölkerung]，p.258）; or 7 million, as it was reported and apparently accepted by Ulrich Wilcken, Greek Potsherds from Egypt and Nubia（Griechische Os-traka aus Aegypten and Nubien），p.490. This would have made a standing army of 240，000 men amount to 3½ to 7 percent of the population. A fifth of the reported figures would still be quite a large number.

1700088902

1700088903 第四篇　古罗马

1700088904

1700088905 1　骑士与方阵

1700088906

1700088907 1.In spite of the contradiction that Eduard Meyer brought up in his History of Antiquity（Geschichte des Altertums），Vol.2，para.499，I still feel permitted and obliged to hold to this concept of “the continuity of the development of Rome in its constitutional history.”For it is completely clear that the basic principle of the Roman constitutional law, the official power of the magistrature, dates back to a very early time and was gradually divided up and weakened. It is completely impossible that such a strict concept of the power of the official position might not have been formed until the formal sovereign power was already in the hands of the general people’s assembly; it is astonishing enough that that strong concept was able to assert itself for so long within the framework of the sovereignty of the people.

1700088908

1700088909 Furthermore, it is fully clear that the voting organization of the historical period originally had a purely military and no political basis; consequently, this institution, too, goes back to the period of a very strong monarchy.

1700088910

1700088911 One may therefore truly speak of the “continuity of the development of Roman constitutional history，” without, of course, taking for more than they actually were the historical changes of outer form—against which, after all, really only the voice of Meyer has apparently been raised.

1700088912

1700088913 I can leave aside here all the doubt over the authenticity of the chronology and the historical account in detail. The material in which I am interested for this work is not affected by it.

1700088914

1700088915 2.See particularly Vol.III, Book III, Chapters I and II, especially p.251[of the German 2d ed.，1923].

1700088916

1700088917 3.Livy（23.46[215 B.C.]）says of the Capuans:“Sex milia ar-matorum habebant, peditem imbellem; equitatu plus poterant, ita-que equestribus proeliis lacessebant hostem.”（“They had 6，000 armed men; the infantry was not inclined to fight, but the cavalry was more capable and so they provoked the enemy into cavalry battles.”）

1700088918

1700088919 4. The theory that the original inhabitants had become the patricians by means of the income from their land is also opposed by Schmoller, Basic Outline…（Grundriss），2d ed.，1：497：“If one imagines that capital in itself and its unequal distribution produces big business; if one imagines that, because the heirs of fortunate entrepreneurs in the second and third generations appear primarily as possessors of capital, the possession of the capital had created the financial projects, that is completely false. It is always personal characteristics that create and sustain such ventures.”

1700088920

1700088921 5.In Gellius 16.10.1 there is contained a verse of Ennius，“pro-letarius publicitus scutisque feroque ornatus ferro.”（“The proletarian is armed with shield and sword; armed with sword at the public cost.”）Cited by Theodor Mommsen in Political Law（Staatsrecht），Vol.3，Part 1，p.29. See also Polybius 6.21.7：“They chose the youngest and poorest of the men to be fighters with the javelin.”*

1700088922

1700088923 6.For Attica we estimated, in the year 490 B.C.，120-145 inhabitants to the square mile; for Boeotia in the fifth century，110；for Lacedaemon and Messenia 75；for the Peloponnesus 95 to 110. Under the primitive conditions of agriculture, disturbed by the continual warfare with neighboring states, as we must imagine the situation in Italy 2，500 years ago, certainly 120 to 145 is the maximum number that could be fed, even for the fertile soil. As an old trading city, Rome may already have had some grain imports by sea as early as 510 B.C.，but surely not yet any great quantity, for if the city had already been large, it would have had a more important position politically. That the city was still small in comparison with the country area is further attested by the fact that only 4 of the 20 tribes were metropolitan ones. The so-called Servian wall, which enclosed a very large area, dates only from the period of the Samnite Wars.

1700088924

1700088925 7.A regular, official procedure for maintaining registration lists appears at first glance to be something quite simple, but if it is to be reliable, it actually is very difficult and demands an extremely careful and energetic control. The advantages and disadvantages that are at stake are very great and the work, by its very nature, is in the hands of clerks who, in addition to the question of carelessness, can also be subject to bribery. In 214 B.C. when every younger man who was not on active duty in the field could not help being noticed in the street, a check-up found 2，000 juniores who had avoided military duty.Livy 24.18.7.

1700088926

1700088927 8.If our assumption is correct, that at the start of the consular regime Rome had 21 tribes and about 8，400 service-qualified infantrymen, the origin of the normal number of 4，200 for the legion is probably to be explained in no other way than that each of the consuls was allocated half the number. If the entire army was assembled and both consuls present, then they each had the command in turn on a daily alternation.

1700088928

1700088929 9.Very informative on this point is Theodor Steinwender, Annual Program of the Marienburg Gymnaisum（Programm des Gymnasiums zu Marienburg），1879.

1700088930

1700088931 2　支队方阵

1700088932

1700088933 1.Thucydides（6.98）tells us how the Syracusans planned to wage a battle against the Athenians and were already drawn up in for mation when the commanders noticed that” the army was disordered and did not readily fall into line.”* As a result, they led the troops back into the city.

1700088934

1700088935 2.Polybius 11.22.10.

1700088936

1700088937 3.Vegetius, too（1.20），shows expressly that the number of light infantry who were active in front of the battle line was small and that they moved forward principally from the flanks.

1700088938

1700088939 4.In Livy’s Chapter VIII of Book VIII, to be discussed in greater detail below（p.00）.

1700088940

1700088941 5.Each weapon has certain advantages and disadvantages, and the evaluation remains a subjective one. In Grupp, Cultural History of the Middle Ages（Kulturgeschichte des Mittelalters），1：109，it is said, for example:“The Norwegian Royal Code warns against throwing the spear too soon; in land battle the spear is better than two swords.”

1700088942

1700088943 6.Regulations for Drills with Cavalry Weapons（Vorschrift fur die Waffenübungen der Kavallerie），Berlin，1891.

1700088944

1700088945 7.It is not known how the original Roman sword was constructed; it was supposedly only a long, strong knife，“Bowie knife，” cutlass, or even only the same knife that the man used for cutting meat and wood. In the Second Punic War the gladius Hispanus（Spanish sword）was introduced, a straight, two-edged, pointed sword, short and very broad at the top, better suited for thrusting than for hacking.

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