1700091962 4.In addition to the Generalkarte of the Balkans, published by Artaria in Vienna in 1897，there is now available a still better Bulgarian map（1：420，000），which I have used. It is based on surveys made by Russian officers during the war of 1877-1878. The map of European Turkey published by the Turkish general staff, although it bears the title “Drawn up by the General Staff of His Majesty, through Allah’s Grace all-powerful and all-protecting，” is only a scarcely changed reproduction of the Austrian Generalkarte, according to Hardt von Hartenthurm in the Mitteilungen des königlich-kaiserlichen militärischen geographischen Instituts, Vol.18. See Austria-Hungary and the Balkan Countries（Oesterreich-Ungarn und die Balkanländer），by L.v. Thalloczy, Budapest，1901.

1700091963

1700091964 5.Socrates 4.38.

1700091965

1700091966 6.Theodoret 4.33.

1700091967

1700091968 7.Sozomenos 6.40.

1700091969

1700091970 8.Socrates 4.38.

1700091971

1700091972 4　军队兵力

1700091973

1700091974 1.G.Kaufmann, Deutsche Geschichte 1：89.

1700091975

1700091976 2.I cannot understand how Schmidt, in Geschichte der Vandalen, p.130，can interpret the remark by Procopius 2.7，that Belisarius with 5，000 horsemen defeated the enemy, as meaning that the Guard was 5，000 men strong and these are to be added to the 15，000 men that Procopius 1.11 gives as the army strength.

1700091977

1700091978 3.Panegyriki 9 praises Constantine for having accomplished more with fewer troops than did Alexander, who had supposedly had 40.000.

1700091979

1700091980 Panegyriki 8. 3.3.says he defeated Maxentius “vix enim quarta parte exercitus contra centum milia hostium”（“with scarcely a quarter of his army against 100，000 of the enemy”）.

1700091981

1700091982 In 313 against Licinius, he is also said by Anon. Bales.to have had 25，000 men.

1700091983

1700091984 4.A very energetic addition to the analysis of the figures reported by Procopius is given by H. Eckhardt in the Königsberg Program（1864），“On Agathias and Procopius as Sources for the War with the Goths”（“Ueber Agathias und Procop als Quellenschriftsteller für den Gotenkrieg”）. In the final analysis, however, he still holds that, everything considered, a figure of 200，000 men for the East Goths is quite believable（page 11）.

1700091985

1700091986 5.The number of Cimbrian warriors who crossed the Brenner Pass in 101 and descended into Italy is given by the Romans as 200.000. Judging from the length and the type of route they took, I have felt justified in estimating that they were at most 10，000 strong. See Vol. I, page 513. Preussische Jahrbücher 147（1912）：199.

1700091987

1700091988 6.The passage reads: Malchus, ed. Bonn, p.268：“They established peace on condition that the emperor supply pay and food for 13，000 men whom Theodoric chose.”*

1700091989

1700091990 7.That this ruse was also common with the Romans, particularly in this period, is amply documented in A.A. Müller’s “Excurs zu Tacitus 1.46，”Philologus 65：306. Among other passages, Zosimus 2.33；4.27. Also in Libanius.

1700091991

1700091992 8.See Dahn, Könige 2：78，where the source passages are also indicated. Hist.misc.，p.100，and Ennod.v. Epiph.，p.390.

1700091993

1700091994 9.Recently published in Beihefte zum Militär-Wochenblatt 11（1901）.

1700091995

1700091996 10.History of the Burgundian-Roman Kingdom（Geschichte des burgundisch-römischen Königsreichs），p.323.

1700091997

1700091998 11.A very thorough treatment of this, as of the whole question, is to be found in Jahn, Geschichte der Burgunder 1：337. See also Wietersheim-Dahn 2：212.

1700091999

1700092000 12.The passages are quoted in Jahn 1：345.

1700092001

1700092002 13.Orosius 7.40.

1700092003

1700092004 14.Sidonius Apollinaris 7.7.“viribus propriis arma hostium publicorum remorati: sibi adversus vicinorum aciem tam duces fuere quam milites.”（“They held back the forces of the public enemy with their own strength. They were their own generals as well as soldiers against the army of the enemy at hand.”）Cited by Dahn 5：93.

1700092005

1700092006 15.Constit.novellae Valentin. III, title V：

1700092007

1700092008 “Ex illa sane parte totam sollicitudinem omnemque formidinem vestris animis auferendam, ut hujus edicti serie cognoscat universitas, nullum de Romanis civibus, nullum de corporatis ad militiam esse cogendum, sed tantum ad murorum portarumque custodian, quoties usus exegerit.”（New Orders of Valentinian III. Title V：“Indeed, from that side all anxiety and every fear ought to be removed from your minds, and that in consequence of this edict all should know that no Roman citizen and no member of a guild is to be forced into military service, but only to the guarding of walls and gates as need requires.”）According to Section 3，everyone was also obligated to participate in the construction and repair of the walls.

1700092009

1700092010 Title IX（440）：“ut Romani roboris confidentia et animo, quo debent propria defensare, cum suis adversus hostes, si vis exegerit, salva disciplina publica servataque ingenuitatis modestia, quibus potuerint, utantur armis, nostrasque provincias ac fortunas proprias fideli conspiratione et juncto umbone tueantur: hac videlicet spe laboris proposita, ut suum fore non ambigat, quidquid hosti victor abstulerit.”（“that, with confidence in Roman strength and the spirit in which they ought to defend their own, with their own hands against the enemy if violence demands it, with public discipline intact, and with the moderation of nobleness preserved, they should make use of what weapons they could, and they should guard our provinces and their own property with faithful unanimity elbow to elbow; that clearly in this proposed expectation of hardship it should not be in doubt that whatever the victor takes away from the enemy will be his own.”）

1700092011

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