1700092177

1700092178 7.Brunner, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung（1887）：6.

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1700092180 8.For example，3.28；4.30；8.45；9.31.

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1700092182 9.Procopius 2.25. Agathias 2.5. Whether Procopius’statement here is entirely reliable must be considered doubtful, since he completely denies that the Franks used both the spear and the bow, weapons which many other sources indicate they had. Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte 2：528；2d edition，2：213. If Procopius’report is at all correct, there may have been some unusual circumstance or other, as in 552，when the invaders were principally Alamanni, whom we elsewhere find to be specifically famous as cavalry.

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1700092184 10.Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften 1：142.

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1700092186 11.Oeuvres 28：163.

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1700092188 12.Napoleon used very similar expressions in his regulations for the training of dragoons, as cited by Kerchnawe, Kavallerie-Verwendung, p.3，note.

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1700092190 13.In Procopius, bell. Pers.1.14. Belisarius describes the Persian infantry as follows: “All the infantry is nothing else than a crowd of pitiful rustics who come to the army for no other purpose than to undermine a wall, to strip the dead, or to perform other services for the soldiers.”*

1700092191

1700092192 14.The reader’s attention is called to the citation already analyzed above, Procopius, de bell. Vand.1.18，where it is recounted how the Vandals came neither in order nor formed for battle, but “They went in symmoriai, and these were small—about thirty, or in fact, twenty men.”* Those could have been such diminished clans.

1700092193

1700092194 15. The ango has some similarity to the Roman pilum, and so it can be considered as a javelin.

1700092195

1700092196 16.Rüstow, in Heerwesen Cäsars, p.25，assumes that on the average the cavalry was one-fourth as strong as the legionary infantry, thus forming 20 percent of the army. Marquardt, in Römische Staatsverfassung 2：441，agrees with this point. Fröhlich, Kriegswesen Cäsars, p.40，rightly avoids considering this relationship as an average. Of the numbers reported in the sources，20 percent is not an average but the maximum.

1700092197

1700092198 3　初期日耳曼-古罗马军事体系的衰落

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1700092200 1.Some of the codes call for half of all the serving men instead of a tenth.

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1700092202 2.Könige der Germanen 6：222，2d edition.

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1700092204 4　封建制度的起源

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1700092206 1.The provisions of the edict read as follows: “ut nullus judex de aliis provinciis aut regionibus in alia loca ordinetur: ut si aliquid mali de quibuslibet conditionibus perpetraverit, de suis propriis rebus exinde quod male abstulerit, juxta legis ordinem debeat restituere.”（that no judge from different provinces and regions should be appointed in other locations; that if he should have rendered some injury under any circumstances, according to the order of this law he would have to restore what he subsequently gained from his own property.”）Mon. Germ. Leg.1.14. Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte 2：377. Judex applies to the official in general, also the count. The indefinite expression “de aliis provinciis et regionibus”（“from different provinces and regions”）is either the pure bombast of a copyist or intentional because of those owners who had property in several districts. It is not specifically stated that only estate owners were to be named, but this is to be inferred from the prohibition “de aliis provinciis aut regionibus，” together with the requirement for wealth: owners of a large mobile fortune without real property hardly came into consideration for the position of count.

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1700092208 2.Geschichte des Beneflzialwesens, p.153.

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1700092210 3.On this point I agree essentially with Brunner in his Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, except that he still considers pueri too much as unfree men.

1700092211

1700092212 The difference between the Frankish monarchy and that of the other Germanic countries was first clearly recognized and sharply defined by Sohm; Sohm’s idea was in turn effectively developed by W. Sickel, Westdeutsche Zeitschrift（1885）：231 ff.

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1700092214 4.Dippe, Vassalage and Obeisance in the Kingdom of the Merovingians（Gefolgschaft und Huldigung im Reiche der Merowinger），p.44.

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1700092216 5.Examples in Dippe, p.18.

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1700092218 6.According to the extract in Boretius, Contributions to the Critique of the Capitularies（Beiträge zur Kapitularienkritik），p.154.

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1700092220 7.According to M. Heym. The German Production of Foodstuffs（Das deutsche Nahrungswesen），p.295. räuchern（to smoke）is a common Germanic word; this method of protecting meat from spoiling is therefore very ancient, When Pomponius Mela reports that in Germany they ate meat raw, Heym believes that this statement referred to smoked meat. The technique of making cabbage and greens preservable by a special procedure is, according to Heym, p.327，not a native one; sauerkraut is a name that was adopted much later. Nevertheless, it may not be impossible that Abbot Fulrad knew this dish and took some of it into the field with him.

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1700092222 8.See the excursus，“Provisions and Train.”

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1700092224 9.（added in the 2d edition.）Consequently, I have not, as Erben states in the Historische Zeitschrift 101：329，admitted the possibility of depots, for example on the Rhine, only missing testimony therefor, but I have expressly argued against the possibility of such depots.

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1700092226 10.Bronsart, Dienst des Generalstabes, p.414，2d edition. Today it is even more.

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