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49.Konstanzer Chronik. Mone, Collected Sources（Quelle-nsammlung），1：310.
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50.Roth von Schreckenstein, Ritterstand, p.661.
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51.Rahewin, III, Chap.19.
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52.Otto Morena, p.622.1160 on the Adda. In 1161，before Milan, the duke of Bohemia and the landgrave of Thuringia on one occasion refused obedience to the emperor and left him to move alone into battle.
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53.Cited in Guilhiermoz, p.358.
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54.In the Templars’statutes it was expressly forbidden for a knight to strike servants who were in service through piety（Chap.51）. It was permissible to strike a slave（esclaf）with one’s stirrup leather when it was deserved, but it was forbidden to injure or maim him or place him in neck irons without higher authority（Chap.336）.
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55.According to Rahewin, Book III. See Eisner, The Army Regulations of Frederick I of the Year 1158（Das Heergesetz Friedrichs I.vom Jahre 1158），Program of the Matthias Gymnasium in Breslau，1882.
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56.Hälschner, Prussian Punitive Law（Preussisches Strafrecht），3：212.
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57.Continuatio Reginonis（Continuation of Regino）for the year 920：“Multi enim illis temporibus, etiam nobiles, latrociniis insudabant.”（“In those times many in fact, even the nobles, engaged in robbery.”）Further citations are to be found in Baldamus, The Military System under the later Carolingians（Das Heerwesen unter den späteren Karolingern），p.18 ff.
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58.See my review of this book in the Zeitschrift für Preussische Geschichte und Landeskunde，17：702.
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59.M.G. SS.，222.
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60.From this account it can also be seen how transitory and uncertain the meaning of the word “miles” still was at that time. In the first instance, where it is a question of the bishop’s contenting himself with a few “militibus”，it is obvious that “knights” are meant. Later, where the author wants to distinguish between knights and the common levy of troops conducting the siege, he calls the former “armati”—“heavily armed ones”—and the latter “milites gregarii.”Since they were often more than 1，000 strong, it is impossible that they could all have been professional warriors. Apparently, the bishop had his own military organization reinforced by the militia（Landsturm），the most useful peasants and peasants’sons. The same situation has already been reported to us, in fact, concerning the Burgundian King Gundobad and the king of the Goths, Totila（Vol.II, p.391）.
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2 骑士制度的军事特征
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1.Bell.Hispan.，Chap.15.
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2.This is what the count of Artois called out before the battle of Courtrai（1302）（Spiegel historial, IV, Chap.25）：
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Thus spoke Artois quite haughtily:
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I am glad that they are formed thus；
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We are on horseback, and they on foot.
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A hundred horse and a thousand men
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Are all the same.
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3.Thucydides，5.57.2. Xenophon, Hellenica，7.5.23. Harp-okration. Perhaps also Polybius，11.21. Indirectly associated with this is the dismounting of horsemen in the fight. See the preceding excursus and Vol.I, p.538.
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4.Potius equos quam homines offendatis, feriatis et cum gladii cuspide non cum acie ita quod equis hostium vestris ictibus succumbentibus, nostrorum peditum promta manus sessores equorum taliter prostratos ad terram et prae armorum gravidine lentos liberius excipiet et trucidet. Reguletor et aliter in primo conflictu probitas vestra. Singuli militis singulos juxta se pedites habeant, aut duo quilibet, si valeat, etiamsi non possit habere alios, quam ribaldos. Hos enim tam pro conficiendis equis hostilium, tam pro conterendis iis qui excutientur ab equis, experientia pugnae valde necessarios et utiles esse probat. Muratori SS（L.A. Muratori, Writers of Italian History），8.823.（You should hit the horses rather than the men, and you should strike with the tip of your sword, not with the edge, so that while the horses of the enemy are falling under your blows, the ready band of our foot soldiers may more freely catch the riders of the horses and kill them, thus lying on the ground and slow by the weight of their armor. Otherwise let your fitness be directed on the first clash. Every knight should have a foot soldier beside him, or two if he can, even if he should not be able to have other than grooms. In fact, experience of battle strongly proves that they are necessary and useful for destroying the horses of the enemy as well as killing those who will be shaken off by their horses.）
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5.Dusburg Capitulary，104（99）. SS. Rer. Pruss.，Vol.I.
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6.Expugnatio Hibernica. Opera V.（Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores）（The Conquest of Ireland. Works V.[Writers of British History of the Middle Ages]），p.395. I have already cited a passage from this work above.
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Novi vero, quamquam in terra sua milites egregii fuerint, et armis instructissimi, Gallica tamen militia multum ab Hibernica, sicut et a Kambrica distare dinoscitur. Ibi namque plana petuntur, hie aspera; ibi campestria hic silvestria; ibi arma honori, hic oneri; ibi stabilitate vincitur hic agilitate; ibi capiuntur milites, hic decapitantur; ibi redimuntur, hic perimuntur.（As in truth I know, although knights were outstanding in their own land and most learned in arms, French military service, however, is known to differ greatly from the Irish as well as the Welsh. And in fact there level areas are sought, here rough; there open fields, here forests; there armor is an honor, here a burden; there they conquer by steadfastness, here by nimbleness; there knights are captured, here they are decapitated; there they are ransomed, here they are killed.）
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