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（The armed foot soldiers are instructed to surround the right and left flanks, and some horsemen are joined to them so that the mass of the foot soldiers may be stronger with their support. He absolutely forbids them to retreat from the field so that they can be rescued, if they should be put to flight by the enemy.）
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12.“Tribus aciebus antepositis manus pedestris, ut has protegat et ab his protegatur, retro sistitur.”（“The band of foot soldiers stood in the rear with a triple battle line drawn up before it to protect them and to be protected by them.”）In the edition by Prutz, Source Contributions to the History of the Crusades（Quellenbeiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge），1：44.
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Radulf, Gesta Tancredi（Deeds of Tancred），Chap. 32（Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Occidentaux: Collection of the Historians of the Crusades. Occidentals，3：629）reports of the fleeing Turks: “nec fuga gyrum senserunt, adeo fugere est sperare salutem.”（“Nor in their flight did they even think of turning, to such an extent to flee is to hope for safety.”）According to the account, this refers to horsemen whom we cannot imagine as forming a tight group. That can perhaps be explained by the fact that the poet in his holy inspiration inadvertently attributed to the horsemen a picture from the actions of the fighters on foot.
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13.William the Briton, Philippis, Book XI, verses 605-612（Duchesne，5：238）:
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In peditum vallo totiens impune receptus
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Nulla parte Comes metuebat ab hoste noceri
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Hastatos etenim pedites invadere nostri
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Horrebant equites, dum pugnant ensibus ipsi:
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Atque armis brevibus, illos vero hasta cutellis
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Longior et gladiis, et inextricabilis ordo
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Circuitu triplici murorum ductus ad instar
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Caute dispositos non permittebat adiri.
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（After retreating safely so often to his rampart of foot soldiers, in no way did the count fear to be hurt by the enemy. And in fact our knights dread to attack foot soldiers with spears, while they themselves fight with swords. They have short weapons; the others indeed have a spear longer than knives or swords. And their unbreakable formation drawn up in a triple circuit like walls did not permit those cautiously disposed to come near.）
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14.At least, I would like to translate paragraph 86 in this manner.（“Ison de to metõpon tës parataxeõs autõn poiountai kai pyknon en tais machais”
:“They make the front of their battle line even and closely ordered.”）
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15.Liudprandus, Antapodosis，2.31.
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16.Perlbach, p.117.
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17.Hartung, The Ancient German Days of the Nibelungenlied and the Gudrun（Die deutschen Altertümer des Nibelungenliedes und der Kudrum），p.505，compares Gudrun，647.2，1403.1，and 1451.1 with Nibelungenlied，203 and 204.2210.
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18.See Berthold on the Saxons in the battle on the Unstrut，1075; Ekkehard, p.223，on a battle in the Crusade of 1096; and the defeat of King Baldwin of Jerusalem at Ramleh in 1102，as described by Fulcher.
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19.Hartung, p.503，and Lexis’and Grimm’s dictionaries give only a very few passages for these words.
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20.Otto von Freising，1.32：“Dux … secus quam disciplina militaris et ordo exposuit, non pedetemptim incedens sed praecipitanter advolans in hostem ruit suis gregatim adventantibus et dirupto legionum ordine confuse venientibus.”（“The duke … otherwise than as knightly training and rank lays down, charged, not proceeding cautiously but flying headlong at the enemy with his men advancing like a herd of cattle and coming in disorder after the formation of the units had been disrupted.”）
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Baldric, Historia Jerosolimitana（Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Historiens Occidentaux），4.95: “Sagittarios et pedites suos ordinaverunt et ipsis praemissis pedetemptim ut mos est Francorum, pergebant.”（“They drew up their archers and foot soldiers and with themselves in the lead they proceeded cautiously, as is the custom of the Franks.”）
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Heelu, verse 4898 ff.，describes the approach ride in the battle of Worringen as follows: “As the opponents were moving up against each other, they went about this matter so calmly, at a leisurely pace, coming from the two sides as if they were men riding along with their brides in front of them in the saddle.”
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Guiart, too, in his account of the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle, verse 11494（cited by Köhler，2：269），says that each unit rode up slowly and in closed formation—“Each group moves along at a slow pace, advancing together as in a square.”
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21.Emperor Leo says, para.80 ff.，the Franks do not form up on horseback or on foot by regiments or squadrons with specific strengths, but by families and groups of companions（“not in a determined size and formation, either sections or divisions as the Romans, but according to tribes and by kinship and attachment to each other, many times even by sworn agreement”*）.
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Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte，8：179，believes that individual source passages indicate an organization by thousands, so that every thousand men formed a special unit, and that would undoubtedly mean a thousand horsemen, even if perhaps not always or not completely heavily armed horsemen. Such a group was, according to Waitz, designated as a “legio，” and this name also applied to the tactical unit formed for battle.
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