1700096337 33.Liudprandus, Antapodosis，2.31.

1700096338

1700096339 34.Gesta Fridertci，1.32.

1700096340

1700096341 35.Köhler，3：1：95，has assembled a few passages, wherever they occur. Edward III of England, especially, formed in 1356 a guard of mounted archers. In the index volume, among the supplements, the author also added another passage from Wigalois. I would also add the treaty of alliance of the Lombards, Murat. Ant.，4.490. But even in England they never became a real arm. In the fifteenth century we do find many archers on horseback, but this was only a means of transportation for them; in battle, they dismounted.

1700096342

1700096343 The Saracens of Frederick II are considered by Köhler to have been exclusively dismounted archers. But it is expressly stated in Annales Parmenses majores（Greater Annals of Parma），SS.，18.673，that in 1248 before Parma the emperor had “balistarii tam equites quam pedites”（“crossbowmen on horseback as well as on foot”）.

1700096344

1700096345 36.Köhler，1：5 and 3：3：355.Up to the tenth century, he says, they had fought in a single echelon, but from the eleventh century on, in three echelons.

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1700096347 37.Köhler，2：35，assembled a few examples, but they show basically that such combat techniques were used less in actual practice than in the heroic accounts, and they succeeded still less often.

1700096348

1700096349 38.Köhler，1：468，and 2：13.

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1700096351 39.Köhler，2：42.

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1700096353 40.Daniel, Histoire de la milice française, p.82.

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1700096355 41.Only seldom do we find that a king remained behind the front, as, for example, at Ascalon in 1125，cited by Heermann, p.120. Or old King Iagiello of Poland at Tannenberg in 1410.

1700096356

1700096357 42.Viollet-le-Duc, Rational Dictionary of French Furniture from the Carolingian Period to the Renaissance（Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier françµis de l’époque carlovingienne à la renaissance），6：372.

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1700096359 43.This is how I prefer to translate the Greek expression “sphodrõs kai akataschetõs hõs monotonoi”:“violent and unstoppable like obstinate men”）.（Tactics, para.87）. See Mauritius, p.269.

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1700096361 44.Before Ascalon，12 August 1099. Albert of Aachen，6.42，as cited in Röhricht, History of the First Crusade（Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges），p.200，Note 8.

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1700096363 45.Richer of Sens, M.G. SS.，25.294.

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1700096365 46.Orderich，12.18：“ferro enim undique vestiti erant et pro timore Dei notitiaque contubernii vicissim sibi parcebant nec tamen occidere fugientes quam comprehendere satagebant.”（“for they had been dressed completely in iron and mutually spared each other according to fear of God and acknowledgment of their brotherhood in arms; they did not endeavor so much to kill those in flight as to capture them.”）

1700096366

1700096367 Giraldus, Opera，5. 396：“ibi capiuntur milites, hie decapitantur; ibi redimuntur, hie perimuntur.”（“There knights are captured, here decapitated; there they are ransomed, here they are killed.”）

1700096368

1700096369 47.See p.221，Note 3，above.

1700096370

1700096371 48.The provisions of the Teutonic order, which followed the pattern of the Knights Templars, state in the “Customs，”Chap.46（Perlbach, p.111），that on the march the knight was to have his squire ride in front of him so that he could keep a close watch on his armor.

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1700096373 49.The provision in the Teutonic order was quite similar（Perlbach, p.117）:“Nullus frater insultum faciat, nisi prius vexillum viderit insilisse. Post insultum vexilli quilibet pro viribus corporis et animi, quidquid poterit exercebit et redibit ad vexillum, cum viderit oportunum.”（“No brother should make an attack, unless he will have seen the banner charge first. After the attack of the banner each will employ whatever he can according to the strength of his body and spirit, and he will return to the banner when he will have seen it opportune.”）

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1700096375 50.Meckel, Tactics，1：50.

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1700096377 51.“The weakest moment for the cavalry is immediately after carrying out an attack. This pause cannot be eliminated fast enough, and order, calm, and a closed formation cannot be restored quickly enough, in order that a unit be in a position to face any eventuality.”Instructions by Major General Carl von Schmidt, Berlin，1876，p.152.

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1700096379 52.I cannot remember reading in any medieval source anything about signals in battle. The Knights Templars gave signals in camp with a bell. According to Gautier（Prutz, p.27），before the battle of Athareb, Prince Roger ordered that at the first trumpet call everybody was to don his equipment（“audito primo sonitu gracilis”—that was a kind of trumpet），at the second trumpet call they were to assemble, and at the third they were to appear for service of worship. Afterwards, as they went into battle（p.29），the Christians moved forward “gracilibus, tibiis, tubisque clangentibus”（“while the trumpets, pipes, and horns were sounding”）. Duke John of Brabant, too, ordered before the battle of Worringen that the trumpets should blow to signal the manner in which they should attack or fight, in order to encourage his men. The “ministrere” stopped their blowing when they saw the ducal banner sink but started blowing the trumpets again when it was raised once more（Ian von Heelu, verses 5668，5694，pp.211-212）. From this passage, Köhler（3：2：340）concluded that this was a normal custom and that the trumpeters were near the banner in order to indicate where it was, even if it was obscured by dust. This conclusion goes too far in every respect. Ducange quotes from the Vita St. Pandulfi，n.15: “illam tubam, quam ad significandum proelium tubare significavi”（“that horn which I gave the sign to blow to indicate battle”）.

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1700096381 53.In his work on the conduct of battle of occidental armies in the period of the First Crusade, Heermann determined（p.103）that all the battlefields in that area whose terrain forms are recognizable（Dorylaeum, Lake of Antioch, Antioch, Ascalon, Ramleh（1101），Joppe, Ramleh（1105），Sarmin, Merdj-Sefer, Athareb, and Hab）are plains and that in all the source accounts there is hardly a trace of terrain difficulties or battles in towns or woods.

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1700096383 Emperor Leo, Tactics，18. 92，says that broken terrain was disadvantageous for the Franks in mounted combat, because they normally made a strong shock action with their lances. Of course, this strong blow is not to be understood in the modern sense.

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1700096385 54.This comes into consideration particularly against mounted archers, and therefore in the Crusades. Heermann（p.103）traces this back to the tactics of the Moslems, who, with their great numerical superiority, always tried to envelop the Christians. This great superiority of the infidels is to be dismissed as a Christian fable; the reason is to be sought, rather, in their differing armament.

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