1700096710 第四篇　中世纪晚期

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1700096712 1　中世纪晚期的研究路径　无

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1700096714 2　方阵会战、城市军队与征召民兵

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1700096716 1.Spiegel historiaal, IV, Chap.33：

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1700096718 Then he（Artois）wanted to surrender to them

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1700096720 And so he said: …

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1700096722 The Flemish shouted: We do not know you.

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1700096724 The count called out in French:

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1700096726 I am the count of Artois.

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1700096728 They（the Flemish）said: Here is no nobleman

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1700096730 Who can understand you.

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1700096732 2.Oman, from whom I have also taken the terrain conditions, gives on p.570 a very clear and tactically correct presentation, but I cannot accept it, since the sources on which we must depend seem to me very unreliable. The principal source is a heroic poem by Archdeacon John Barbour of Aberdeen, The Bruce, or the Book of Robert de Broyss, King of Scots, written between 1375 and 1377，and consequently not until almost two generations after the battle. There is another poem written sooner after the event but not offering much information. The author was the Carmelite monk Baston, who accompanied King Edward in order to celebrate his deeds but who, when he became a prisoner of the Scottish king after the defeat, was then obliged to celebrate the battle on that king’s behalf.（Lappenberg-Pauli, Geschichte von England，4：243）. The English sources, Geoffroy Baker of Swinbroke（died between 1358 and 1360）and the Chronicle of Lanercost, of which this part was probably the work of a Franciscan monk of Carlisle, contain only meager information.

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1700096734 3.The reason why the French knights in the center dismounted is not given directly in any source, but we may interpret the words used by the Monk of Saint Denis as we have done. He says: “The horses themselves were removed from the view of the combatants, so that each one, losing any hope of escaping the danger by fleeing, would show more courage.”

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1700096736 4.We can conclude from the sequence of the battle itself that this was the sense of the French formation. That this epoch was capable of such a tactical idea is shown in the report on the battle of Othée（1408），by Monstrelet, where the questionable maneuver is described with exact clarity: “When that other dismounted company, much larger … intends to invade your land and fight you, those on horseback, experienced in battle and in good order, will move up quickly and attempt from the rear to separate you and break up your formation, while the others are assaulting you from the front.”

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1700096738 5.There are available quite exhaustive writings on this subject: Mojean, City Military Arrangements in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries（Städtische Kriegseinrichtungen im XIV.und XV. Jahrhundert），Program of the Gymnasium of Stralsund，1876. Von der Nahmer, The Military Organizations of the German Cities in the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century（Die Wehrverfassungen der deutschen Städte in der 2. Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts），Marburg dissertation，1888. Mendheim, The Mercenary System of the Free Cities, especially Nuremberg（Das reichsstädtische, besonders Nürnberger, Söldnerwesen），Leipzig dissertation，1889. Baltzer, From the History of the Danzig Military System（Aus der Geschichte des Danziger Kriegswesens），Program of the Danzig Gymnasium，1893.G. Liebe, The Military System of the City of Erfurt（Das Kriegswesen der Stadt Erfurt），1896.P. Sander, The Municipal Economy of Nuremberg（Die reichsstädtische Haushaltung Nürnbergs），1902，in which the second section of Part II treats the military organization in detail.

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1700096740 6.Froissart, Tome IV, p.270：“… that he no longer wished to wage war with men other than nobles and that it was a complete loss and a hindrance to lead into battle the men from the communities, for in the hand-to-hand combat those men melt like snow in the sun. This had happened at the battle of Crécy, at Blanquetagne, at Caen, and in every place where these men had been led. And so he did not want to have any more of them except the crossbowmen from the fortified cities and the good towns. As to their gold and their silver, he wanted much of both to pay the expenses and the compensation of the nobles, but that was all. The common men had only to stay at home to protect their wives and children, carry on their business and their trade, and that should be sufficient for them. It was up to the nobles alone to practice the profession of arms that they had learned and in which they had been trained since childhood.”（Extracted from Luce’s citation in Bertran du Guesclin，1：156）.

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1700096742 “What do we want with help from these shopkeepers?”Jean de Beaumont reportedly said in 1415，when the city of Paris offered reinforcements. Religieux de St. Denys, Book 35，Chap.5.

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1700096744 And Monstrelet writes in his chronicle: “The masses of the communes, even though they may be very numerous, can hardly offer resistance against a number of nobles accustomed to battle and proven in the profession of arms.”

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1700096746 7.Michelet, Histoire de France，3：299.

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1700096748 8.Guillaume, History of the Military Organization Under the Dukes of Burgundy（Histoire de lorganisation militaire sous les dues de Bourgogne），Mém.cour.de l’Académie Beige，22（1848）：94.

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1700096750 3　下马骑士与射手

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1700096752 1.The standard monograph on the battle of Crécy is the Berlin dissertation by Richard Czeppan, published by Georg Nauck in 1906. The other accounts by Rüstow, Jähns, Pauli, Köhler, and Oman vary remarkably from one another, depending on the extent to which they follow one source or another. But Czeppan may well have definitively clarified and decided all the significant questions. Several convincing observations on the effect of the bow and arrow are to be found in Köhler, Vol.III, foreword, p.xxxvi. Forerunners of the battle of Crécy are discussed by Tout, English Historical Review，19（1904）：711.

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1700096754 2.In a review of the book by Wrottesley, Crécy and Calais, which contains the source passages in question（English Historical Review，14 [1899]：767），Morris calls attention to the fact that the 32，000 men had been together only a very short time when King Philip threatened the English with his relief battle. Morris estimates that at Crécy Edward had 4，000 mounted men（knights and soldiers）and 10，000 archers.

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1700096756 3.“Ut sui videntes eum peditem, non relinquerent, sed cum eo tam equites quam pedites ad bellum animarentur.”（“So that his own men, seeing him on foot, might not desert, but horsemen as well as the foot soldiers might be inspired with him for battle.”）Gislebert, SS.，21. 519.

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1700096758 4.In the Hussite war, the foot soldiers once refused to attack, saying: “If we are hard pressed, you ride away, while all of us have to stay.”The knights had to dismount and fight on foot. According to Johann von Guben, p.64，cited by Wulf in The Hussite Wagon Barricade（Die hussitische Wagenburg），p.37.

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