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Let us mention here Olivier de la Marche as an example of how little credence can be given to the figures of authors, even those who appear to have had the most reliable information at their disposal. He was majordomo of the duke of Burgundy and was taken prisoner at Nancy by the duke of Lorraine, buying his freedom for a high ransom. He was thus able to learn of the situation on both sides. His memoirs are printed in the Collection Petitot, Vols.IX and X. He states: “a good 12，000 combatants”（instead of almost 20，000），“and the duke of Burgundy went before them; and I swear that he did not have 2，000 combatants”（instead of 8，000 to 10，000）.
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32.According to Comines’s account（cited by Mandrot, p.386），he was, of course, supposedly directly informed of René’s great numerical superiority, but such later accounts have but little credibility.
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33.Dispatches of the Milanese Ambassadors（Déþêches des ambassadeurs Milanais），ed.by Gingins，2：349.
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34.von Rodt, Wars of Charles the Bold（Kriege Karls des Kühnen），2：315.
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35.There is nothing of importance in the small variations in the interpretation of this passage. See Schoeber, p.33，note; Jähns, Manual of Military History（Handbuch der Geschichte des Kriegswesens），p.1009-See also pp.511 and 514，above.
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36.The passage reads verbatim:
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intendendo di questi 2 m（2000）lanze mettere mille a piedi quando si trovara con Svicerj, li quali habiano 14（10?）combatenti per uno, cive tri archieri, tri fanti con lanze longhe e tri schiopeteri e balestrieri, che venirano ad essere 10 m（10，000）combatenti in uno squadrone, poiche Sviceri li fanno cosi grossi. Li altri mille lanze a cavallo, con loro cinque millia archieri a cavallo, e lo resto, dil campo, in modo dice havera circa 30 m（30，000）combatenti.
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Gingins La Sarra，2：361.
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（intending, when he encountered the Swiss, to put on foot 1，000 of these 2，000 lances, each of which would have 14（10?）combatants, that is, three archers, three infantrymen with long lances and three musketeers and crossbowmen, which will amount to 10，000 combatants in a squadron, since the Swiss make them that large. The other 1，000 lances on horseback, with their 5，000 mounted archers, and the rest from the camp so that there will be about 30，000 combatants.）
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37.In the “true declaration”（“vraye déclaration”），Comines, Lenglet，3：492，it is said that the rear guard consisted only of 8，000 musketeers, who marched along “one cannonball-ball range” behind the main body, to protect it from the rear. I cannot visualize this. What was such a large number of marksmen supposed to do behind the close-combat weapons during the march through the forest? They could not have repelled a real attack from this direction, in case such an attack was somehow to be suspected. The Lorraine Chronicle（Lothringer Chronik），p.293，speaks of a unit, but one apparently consisting of only 100 men, which was to skirmish along the meadows and keep the enemy occupied. Those 800[8，000]marksmen would have been so very appropriately employed there that we are perhaps justified in assuming an oversight or a lacuna in the “vraye déclaration.”
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8 中世纪军事理论
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1.On the theoretical aspect of this question, see the article “On the Importance of Discoveries in History”（“Ueber die Bedeutung der Erfindungen in der Geschichte”）in my Historische und politische Aufsätze（1887）.
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2.Edited by Dümmler in the Zeitschrift fur Deutsches Altertum，15（1872）：433.
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3.This part is also reprinted in Hahn, Collectio monumentorum, Vol.I, Braunschweig，1724.
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4.Alwin Schultz, Courtly Life at the Time of the Minnesingers（Höfisches Leben zur Zeit der Minnesänger），2：160，believes on the basis of this statement that drill exercises took place in the Middle Ages. How that is supposed to have been possible seems unclear to the author himself, of course（p.162），since the peasants were forbidden to bear arms.
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5.These regulations are copied in the original Spanish text and translated in Köhler，3：2：230. Some translation errors have been corrected by H. Escher, Neujahrsblatt der Züricher Feuerwerker-Gesellschaft auf das Jahr 1905，p.44.
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6.Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：212.
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7.“Life and Works of Christine de Pisan”（“Leben und Werke der Christine de Pizan”），by Friedrich Koch. Leipzig dissertation，1885. Ludwig Koch Press, Goslar.
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8.Printed under the title L’art de chevalerie selon Végèce，1488.
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9.Jähns passed over this in his Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften. It was edited by C. Favre and L. Lecestre，2 volumes, Paris，1887，1889.
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10.Le Jouvencel, Book I, Chap.17，Vol.II，63
:“A combat unit on foot should not march at all but is always to await its enemies in place. For when they march, they are not all of the same strength and they cannot hold their formation. It takes no more than a bush to break them up.”
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11.Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：248.
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12.Published by Köhler in the Anzeiger für die Kunde der deutschen Vorzeit，1870.
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13.Cited in Jähns，1：323.
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9 结语
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