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Gingins La Sarra，2：361.
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（intending, when he encountered the Swiss, to put on foot 1，000 of these 2，000 lances, each of which would have 14（10?）combatants, that is, three archers, three infantrymen with long lances and three musketeers and crossbowmen, which will amount to 10，000 combatants in a squadron, since the Swiss make them that large. The other 1，000 lances on horseback, with their 5，000 mounted archers, and the rest from the camp so that there will be about 30，000 combatants.）
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37.In the “true declaration”（“vraye déclaration”），Comines, Lenglet，3：492，it is said that the rear guard consisted only of 8，000 musketeers, who marched along “one cannonball-ball range” behind the main body, to protect it from the rear. I cannot visualize this. What was such a large number of marksmen supposed to do behind the close-combat weapons during the march through the forest? They could not have repelled a real attack from this direction, in case such an attack was somehow to be suspected. The Lorraine Chronicle（Lothringer Chronik），p.293，speaks of a unit, but one apparently consisting of only 100 men, which was to skirmish along the meadows and keep the enemy occupied. Those 800[8，000]marksmen would have been so very appropriately employed there that we are perhaps justified in assuming an oversight or a lacuna in the “vraye déclaration.”
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8 中世纪军事理论
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1.On the theoretical aspect of this question, see the article “On the Importance of Discoveries in History”（“Ueber die Bedeutung der Erfindungen in der Geschichte”）in my Historische und politische Aufsätze（1887）.
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2.Edited by Dümmler in the Zeitschrift fur Deutsches Altertum，15（1872）：433.
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3.This part is also reprinted in Hahn, Collectio monumentorum, Vol.I, Braunschweig，1724.
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4.Alwin Schultz, Courtly Life at the Time of the Minnesingers（Höfisches Leben zur Zeit der Minnesänger），2：160，believes on the basis of this statement that drill exercises took place in the Middle Ages. How that is supposed to have been possible seems unclear to the author himself, of course（p.162），since the peasants were forbidden to bear arms.
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5.These regulations are copied in the original Spanish text and translated in Köhler，3：2：230. Some translation errors have been corrected by H. Escher, Neujahrsblatt der Züricher Feuerwerker-Gesellschaft auf das Jahr 1905，p.44.
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6.Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：212.
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7.“Life and Works of Christine de Pisan”（“Leben und Werke der Christine de Pizan”），by Friedrich Koch. Leipzig dissertation，1885. Ludwig Koch Press, Goslar.
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8.Printed under the title L’art de chevalerie selon Végèce，1488.
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9.Jähns passed over this in his Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften. It was edited by C. Favre and L. Lecestre，2 volumes, Paris，1887，1889.
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10.Le Jouvencel, Book I, Chap.17，Vol.II，63
:“A combat unit on foot should not march at all but is always to await its enemies in place. For when they march, they are not all of the same strength and they cannot hold their formation. It takes no more than a bush to break them up.”
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11.Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：248.
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12.Published by Köhler in the Anzeiger für die Kunde der deutschen Vorzeit，1870.
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13.Cited in Jähns，1：323.
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9 结语
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1.M.G.SS.，18.192.H. Escher, The Swiss Foot Troops（Das schw-eizerische Fussvolk），p.19，also states（without citing a source）that in 1202 a distinction was made in Italy between “lanceae longae”（“long spears”）and “lanceae de milite”（“soldiers’spears”），and that in 1327 the burghers of Turin were ordered to carry “spears of 18 feet.”Köhler，3：1：50，states that the knight’s lance was originally no longer than 10 feet, and that in the fourteenth century it was lengthened to 14 feet and became so heavy that a man on foot could no longer manipulate it（3：1：85）.
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2.Bürkli believes that this is the meaning of the expression “Stangharnisch.”G. Escher, p.44，note to p.19，disputes this point, but he concedes that no other explanation of the word “Stangharnisch” has yet been found. Of course, Bürkli is in error when he says that by this word “Stange” we must necessarily understand the later, long spear. Escher, Feuerwerksblatt，102（1907）: 34，arrives at the solution that any kind of weapon with a staff, both the spear and the halberd, is meant to accompany the harness.
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3.Report of the Milanese Ambassador Panigarola of 16 January 1476. Gingins, Dépêches Milanaises，1：266.“There is no doubt that, in keeping with their custom, they will offer battle; at the first penetration they will necessarily be broken, because every little defeat throws them off; from the start they will definitely be disheartened and lost.”
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4.Volume I, p.145. Thucydides，6.68.
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战争艺术史 [1]莱茵河发源于瑞士，向北经过德国西部和荷兰注入北海。施瓦本和巴伐利亚在德国南部、莱茵河以东。斯海尔德河发源于法国，流经比利时，从荷兰南部入海。黑森位于德国中部偏西，东南与巴伐利亚接壤。美因河是莱茵河右岸的支流，流经巴伐利亚北部和黑森，沿岸主要城市有法兰克福与美因茨。
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