1700100663 9.Böheim, in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，1：62.

1700100664

1700100665 10.The work appeared in Venice as early as 1496. I am using the version reprinted in Eccard, Corpus Historicum, II，1612. I do not wish to present the above translation as completely confirmed. The expressions used by the author are not absolutely clear, even though he was an eyewitness. An Italian translation（Venice，1549）does not shed any more light on the matter. Jähns，1：727，has interpreted this not as a wheeling movement but a caracole. Because of these uncertainties, I quote the original text here：

1700100666

1700100667 Ab his phalanx una peditum Germanorum erat, quae omnium oculos in se convertebat, quadratae figurae, quae VI M.peditum continebat, Georgio Petroplanensi Duce integerrimo, in equo eminente. In ea acie tympanorum multitudo audiebatur germanico more, quibus aures rumpebantur; hi pectore tan-tum armato incedebant per ordines primo a posteriore parvo intervallo. Primi longiores lanceas in humeris ferebant, infesto mucrone sequentes lanceas erectiores portabant post hos bipennibus et securibus armati; ab his signiferi erant, ad quorum inclinationem agmen totum ac si una rate veherentur, in dextrum, laevum, retro regrediuntur; a tergo pilularii dicti parvorum tormentorum; hos a laeva et sinistra scorpionum Magistri sive manubalistarii sequuntur. Hi in conspectu Beatricis Ducis quadratum agmen uno signo in cuneum subito commutavere, paulo post in alas sese divisere: demum in rotundum altera tantum parte levi motu, altera cursim movebant, prima parte circumacta, postrema immota, ita ut unum corpus esse videretur.

1700100668

1700100669 11.Jahrbücher für Schweizer Geschichte，6：263. Basin: “Surrogavit enim in eorum locum alios pedites, quos appellabant halbardurios, qui similibus armis induti ut franci sagittarii, loco arcuum contos longos ferratos, quos Flamingi piken appellant, aut latas quasdam secures, secundum Alemannorum peditum ritum, deferebant”（“For he put other infantry in their place, whom they call halberdiers. These, similarly equipped to French archers, carried instead of bows long iron-tipped poles, which the Flemish call pikes, or broad axes following the custom of German infantry.”）

1700100670

1700100671 12.Hobohm，2：329，345.

1700100672

1700100673 13.According to Spont, Revue des Questions Historiques，1899，p.60.

1700100674

1700100675 14.According to Susane, Histoire de l’infanterie française，1：14.

1700100676

1700100677 15.Proof based on the sources is to be found in Willibald Block，“The Condottieri: Studies on the so-called‘Unbloody Battles’”（“Die Condottieri. Studien über die sogenannten‘unblutigen Schlachten’”），Berlin dissertation，1913.

1700100678

1700100679 16.Hobohm，2：336.

1700100680

1700100681 2　火器

1700100682

1700100683 1.From the abundant literature on the invention of gunpowder and the oldest firearms, I mention the following works: Napoleon III, Du Passé et de l’Avenir de l’Artillerie. This work, which was written during the imprisonment of Louis Napoleon in Ham, is still worthy of note today. With a certain amount of abridgment and the omission of notes and tables, it was copied in the Oeuvres de Napoléon III, Vol.IV，1856，and was translated by Lieutenant（later Lieutenant General）H. Müller, Berlin，1856. A. Essenwein, Sources on the History of Firearms. Facsimile Illustrations of Old Original Drawings, Miniatures, Wood Cuts, and Etchings, together with Photographs of Authentic Old Weapons and Models（Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen. Faksimilierte Nachbildung alter Originalzeichnungen, Miniaturen, Holzschnitte und Kupferstiche nebst Aufnahmen alter Originalwaffen und Modelle）. Published by the Germanic National Museum. Text by A. Essenwein. With 213 facsimile illustrations. Leipzig，1872-1877. Thierbach, M.，The Historical Development of Hand Firearms（Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen），Dresden，1886. Supplement，1899. Köhler, G.，The Development of the Military System and Warfare in the Knightly Period（Die Entwicklung des Kriegswesens und der Kriegführung in der Ritterzeit），Vol.III, Breslau，1887（probably the most valuable part of this broadly conceived work）. Romocki, S.J. von, History of Explosives（Geschichte der Explosivstoffe），Vol.I, Berlin, Hanover，1898. Very valuable, especially because of its corrected reprint of Marcus Graecus. Jähns, M.，History of the Development of Old Offensive Weapons（Supplement on Firearms）（Entwicklungsgeschichte der alten Trutzwaffen[Anhang Feuerwaffen]），Berlin，1899. Sixl, P.，“Development and Use of Hand Firearms”（“Entwicklung und Gebrauch der Handfeuerwaffen”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, I ff.，1899 ff. Reimer, P.，“Gunpowder and Ballistic Concepts in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries”（“Das Pulver und die ballistischen Anschauungen im XIV.und XV. Jahrhundert”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，1：164 ff. Also 4：367. Oskar Guttmann, Records of Gunpowder（Monumenta pulveris pyrii），London，1906. Karl Jacobs, The Development of Firearms on the Lower Rhine up to the Year 1400（Das Aufkommen der Feuerwaffen am Niederrheine bis zum Jahre 1400），Bonn, Peter Hanstein, publisher，1910. An excellent document that presents much more than the title indicates. Rudolf Schneider, in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.6，Book 3，“A Byzantine Firearm”（“Eine byzantinische Feuerwaffe”）. See also in this connection the article by R. Forrer，“Archeological and Technical Aspects of the Byzantine Firearm of the cod. Vat 1605 c. Eleventh Century”（“Archäologisches und Technisches zu der byzantinischen Feuerwaffe des cod. Vat 1605 c.11. Jahrhundert”）in the fourth book of the same periodical（1909）. These two articles overtake Romocki’s work with completely new material.M. Feldhaus, in his Great Pages of Technology（Ruhmesblätter der Technik），Leipzig，191-[sic]，gives a valuable survey based on his own research. Recently, a new contribution in this field with very valuable new conclusions has been added by Rathgen（Lieutenant General）and Schäfer，“Firearms and Long-range Weapons in the Papal Army in the Fourteenth Century”（“Feuer-und Fernwaffen beim päpstlichen Heer im 14. Jahrhundert”），Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde, Vol.VII, Book 1，1915.

1700100684

1700100685 2.Schneider and Forrer, op.cit.

1700100686

1700100687 3.See Romocki, Geschichte der Explosivstoffe, for the best and most thorough treatment of this subject.

1700100688

1700100689 4.Romocki, p.31.

1700100690

1700100691 5.Under these circumstances, I may be permitted to pass over the question as to whether and to what extent gunpowder and firearms were known in ancient India. On this point see Oppert, Gustav，“On the Question of Gunpowder in Ancient India”（“Zur Schiesspulverfrage im alten Indien”），Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften，4：421-437.

1700100692

1700100693 6.Rathgen and Schäfer，“Feuer-und Fernwaffen beim päpstlichen Heer im 14. Jahrhundert.”

1700100694

1700100695 7.This work by Walter de Millemete is entitled De officiis regum（On the Duties of Kings）and was presumably written in 1325 or at the beginning of the reign of Edward III, that is, shortly after 1327. The manuscript is in Oxford. The illustration is to be found in Guttmann，figure 69，reproduced in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde and also, very unclearly, in Feldhaus, p.100. I handed my colleague, Tangl, the sample given in Guttmann, and he told me that no conclusion could be drawn from the passage. While he was certain it belonged in the fourteenth century, it was of the type of elegant writing which contains so little of an individual character that it is impossible to establish a closer date. But he went on to say that if the manuscript can be proved to stem from the years to which it has been attributed（1325-1327），then we may also assume that the illustration is from the same period. The fact that the projectile with the arrow point is aimed at the gate of a stronghold could perhaps be interpreted as indicating that we are dealing with a purely decorative composition that does not necessarily show firing against the strong gate. Shooting with bolts instead of balls was actually done.

1700100696

1700100697 8.The most important are two frescoes in the church of the former monastery of St. Leonardo in Leccetto near Siena, on which a siege with a cannon and a hand firearm are shown（Guttmann, p.28）. According to an account book, the master Paul was paid 16 L.，12 R. for these works in June 1343. Professor Tangl told me, however, that the writing in the account book is of a much later period.

1700100698

1700100699 9.On this point see the articles by Schneider and Forrer named in note 1 above.

1700100700

1700100701 10.Of course, Rathgen and Schäfer point out that in the papal accounts, as detailed as they are in other respects, there is no entry for wood for the blocks. They say, however, that these blocks may have been made on the spot.

1700100702

1700100703 11.According to Clephan，“A Sketch of the History and Evolution of the Handgun，”Festschrift für Thierbach, pp.35，40，gunpowder and various types of cannon are mentioned for the first time in England in 1338，in a procurement contract.

1700100704

1700100705 12.With respect to Meissen, see Baarmann in the Festschrift für Thierbach, p.67，where it is said that the defender of Salzderhelden successfully used a lead firearm several years earlier.

1700100706

1700100707 13.“On the Oldest Cannon in Switzerland, with a Document from the Year 1391”（“Ueber älteste Geschütze in der Schweiz, mit einer Urkunde vom Jahre 1391”），by Dr.J. Häne in Zurich.Anzeiger für schweizerische Altertumskunde, new series，2（1900）：215-222.

1700100708

1700100709 14.Jacobs, p.136.

1700100710

1700100711 15.Favé，3：80 ff.，according to Köhler.

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