1700100944

1700100945 7.Alois Mocenigo, Relazione di Germania，1548. Ed. Fiedler, Fontes rer.austriacarum（Sources of Austrian History），30：120，Vienna，1870.

1700100946

1700100947 8.Vol.Ill, Book 3，Chap.2，p.289.

1700100948

1700100949 9.Jähns，1：740.

1700100950

1700100951 10.See the detailed extract in Jähns’Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften，1：474.

1700100952

1700100953 11.Jähns，1：521.

1700100954

1700100955 12.Napoleon III writes in his article entitled “On the Past and Future of Artillery”（“Du passé et de l’avenir de l’artillerie”），Oeuvres，4：200：

1700100956

1700100957 Saint-Luc says in his Observations militaires that the duke of Alba, having found the squadrons of the reîtres too deep, wanted to form his own men with their front twice as wide as their depth. In this way, supposing that each horse would occupy a space of 6 paces by 2，he estimated that a squadron of 1，700 horses in seventeen ranks would occupy a rectangle of 102 paces by 204.

1700100958

1700100959 The passage by Saint-Luc does not yet seem to have been printed.

1700100960

1700100961 13.Edited by Buchon, p.122.

1700100962

1700100963 14.That may be concluded from Discourse XV（Ed.1587，p.345），where it is assumed that a victorious squadron would still only directly throw back fifteen or sixteen of the enemy drawn up in line, that is, with a normal strength of 100，one-sixth or one-seventh of the total. See Discourse XVIII.

1700100964

1700100965 15.Napoleon III, in the work cited in Note 12 above, says that Henry IV had squadrons of 300 to 500 horses, which were drawn up in five ranks. He states that Montgomery required that the men-at-arms were to form in ten ranks and the light horse in seven. Billon, in Les principes de l’art militaire, German edition, p.254（1613），would have the squadron formed with a depth of five ranks，“for the horses do not press one another strongly.”

1700100966

1700100967 16.Georg Paetel, The Organization of the Hessian Army under Philip the Magnanimous（Die Organisation des hessischen Heeres unter Philipp dem Grossmütigen），1897. See especially pp.38，40. See also Jovius, Book 34，p.278，concerning Spanish armor.

1700100968

1700100969 17.According to the reports of the Venetian ambassador Alois Mocenigo, who accompanied the emperor. Fiedler, Fontes rer. Austriacarum，30：120. Venetian Dispatches from the Imperial Court（Venetianische Depeschen vom Kaiserhof），published by the Historische Kommission der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna，1889，1：668，670-671.

1700100970

1700100971 18.They are first mentioned in Avila, Schmalkaldic War, German edition，1853，p.58. First edition, Venice，1548，p.34. In a letter dated 6 November 1552，Lazarus Schwendi refers to the horsemen of Albrecht Alcibiades as “black horsemen.”Voigt, Albrecht Alcibiades，2：8. In 1554，1，500“black horsemen” appear in the imperial camp before Namur, all with pennons on their lances. Anonymous Journal（1554-1557），edited by Louis Torfs, Campagnes de Charles-Quint et de Philippe II, Antwerp，1868，pp.23-24. There are numerous references in this journal to their mutinies. In 1554 there appears on the emperor’s side “un ost de reistres”（“a host of reîtres”）of 1，800 to 2，000 horses under Count Wolfram von Schwarzenburg. Rabutin, Commentaires L. VI, Ed. Buchon，1836，p.620：“In order to intimidate us, they had all made themselves black like handsome devils.”For the campaign of 1558，Henry II, looking back to the experiences of the previous year at St. Quentin, ordered the recruiting of as many reîtres as possible.

1700100972

1700100973 … because, the previous year, the largest strength that his enemy（Philip II）had and which was estimated as giving him the advantage, was by means of these reîtres, who have since been called “black armor，” all of whom being armed with pistols, furious and frightening firearms, seemed to have been invented for the amazement and the breaking up of the French men-at-arms. And yet, in order to take as many of them as possible away from his enemy and to accustom and teach the French how to use such arms with confidence, he wished to draw them into his service.

1700100974

1700100975 Rabutin, L. XI, Ed. Buchon，1836，p.738. The first German pistol men in French service appeared, as best I have found, in 1554（Rabutin, p.605）. Susane believes they appeared still earlier. Rabutin, p.701，makes a distinction in 1557 in the French army between men-at-arms, cavalry, and reîtres. The expression “horsemen”（“Reiter”）for cavalry, apparently with the intention of indicating something specific, appears in Marino Cavallis, Relazione da Ferdinando Re de Romani，1543. Ed. Albèri, Series I, Vol.III, p.122.

1700100976

1700100977 19.They are mentioned for the first time in an account of 1559，where they are given very little praise. Relation de Michel Suriano, made on the return from his ambassadorship to Philip II, in 1559. Gachard, Relations des ambassadeurs vénitiens sur Charles-Quint et Philippe II, Brussels，1856，p.116. Clonard，4：155，places their first mention in the Ordinanza of 1560.

1700100978

1700100979 20.History of the Netherlands War（Geschichte des niederländischen Krieges），Book II, Chaps.11，12.

1700100980

1700100981 21.Mocenigo reports to the doge on 4 September 1546：“The imperial mounted troops fear their enemies very much, both because of their numbers and their excellent horses and because many of them have three small wheel lock harquebuses, one on the saddle, another behind the saddle, and the third in a boot, so that it is said of these light horsemen that in skirmishes they always consider themselves secure, because having dealt with their enemies with one harquebus, they seize another, and many times, even when fleeing, they put it on their shoulder and fire to the rear.”Venetianische Depeschen vom Kaiserhof, Vienna，1889，1：670-671.

1700100982

1700100983 A similar report is made by Federigo Badoero（Relazione di Carlo V e di Filippo II，1557. Ed. Albèri, Series I，3：189-190）about ferraruoli who were equipped with four or five pistols.

1700100984

1700100985 22.In the “Recollections of an Old Officer”（Feuilleton of the Post of 21 May 1890）we read：

1700100986

1700100987 At that time（1847），it was still the practice to target-shoot from horseback, a frightful maneuver during which very few horses stood still. A noncommissioned officer would hand the loaded pistol, provided with a fuse, with the greatest care to the mounted horseman. Now the horseman was to ride a volt, halt in front of the target, and fire. But as soon as the horse noticed that the rider had a pistol in his hand, he usually started to buck and jump, and the horseman, his mount, and the bystanders were all most seriously endangered. And it then sometimes happened that the horse was shot in the ear. But now it happened that our good first lieutenant, von B.，had an old sorrel mare named Commode, and whenever he was in charge of the practice firing, the whole platoon, one after the other, climbed aboard Commode, who stood quietly, and each man fired his shot accurately. Now this foolishness has been abandoned and the firing is done only in a dismounted position, although, of course, signal shots by mounted scouts are not excluded.

1700100988

1700100989 23.Wallhausen, Kriegskunst zu Pferde, p.6.

1700100990

1700100991 24.Mencken，2：1427.

1700100992

1700100993 25.Ed. Buchon, p.291. On Tavannes, see p.127，above.

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