1700101143 1.Fahlbeck, Preussische Jahrbücher，133：535.

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1700101145 2.According to G. Droysen, Gustav Adolf，2：85，the king landed in Pomerania in 1630

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1700101147 with 13，000 men

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1700101149 He already had in Stralsund 6，000

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1700101151 Follow-up forces ca. 7，000

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1700101153 Withdrawn from Prussia 13，600

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1700101155 Total: approximately 40，000

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1700101157 Some 36，000 men remained behind in Sweden, Finland, Prussia, and so forth. Consequently, the entire military strength amounted to 76，000 men，43，000 of whom were levied nationals.

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1700101159 3.Jähns，2：952.

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1700101161 4.In his writings of the year 1673（Schriften，2：672），Montecuccoli actually considers the usual ratio of two-thirds musketeers and one-third pikemen to be wrong. He believes more pikemen are needed to cover the musketeers in battle, for the latter, alone, would be overpowered by the cavalry. He points out that this was what happened at Lens, for example, where Condé defeated the Lotharingians. At Breitenfeld, hesays, the Holstein regiment held fast because of its pikemen until it was overcome by the artillery. He reports the same thing in 2：223. He claims that the ratio of two-thirds to one-third was acceptable only because on so many occasions outside of battle the musketeers were more useful than the pikemen.

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1700101163 5.“The Swedish Discipline，” cited in Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p. 105.

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1700101165 6.According to Firth, p.104.

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1700101167 7.Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p.98，from the Swedish Intelligencer，1：124.

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1700101169 8.On the leather cannon, see Gohlke in the Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde，4：392，and Feldhaus, p.121.“Leather pieces” are also mentioned in the introductory poem to the Little War Book（Kriegsbüchlein）of Lavater of Zurich，1644. He says they did not come first from Sweden to Zurich，“but rather from us to them.”

1700101170

1700101171 9.Letter to Aldringer，2 January 1633，reproduced in Förster, Wallenstein’s Letters（Wallensteins Briefe）. Daniel’s statement in History of the Military（Geschichte des Kriegswesens），5：12，that Henry IV of France had already required that his squadrons fire a single salvo with their pistols and then attack with cold steel, must be based on a misunderstanding. I have found nothing on this in the sources, and the objective prerequisite for such action is missing, that is, a stricter discipline. Davila states expressly that at Ivry, the last large battle of Henry IV, his squadrons used the caracole.

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1700101173 10.This explanation has been preserved for us in the work of an English military author, Turner, and it goes back to English officers who had served under Gustavus Adolphus. I draw the quotation from Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p.289. The passages cited in Mareks, Coligny, p.56，and Hobohm, Machiavelli，2：373，385，which seem to prove an earlier occurrence of the running of the spear gauntlet—especially Bouchet, Preuves de l’histoire de l’illustre maison de Coligny（Evidence on the History of the Illustrious House of Coligny），1642，p.457—are based on erroneous translations.“Passer par les piques”（“to pass before the pikes”）is the “law of the long spears，” mentioned on p.61 above. Of course, La Curne de St. Palaye, Dictionnaire de l’ancien langage français, Vol.8，understands this expression as meaning striking with the spear shafts. I consider that impossible; the spears are too long to be used that way.

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1700101175 11.Cited in Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p.321.

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1700101177 5　克伦威尔

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1700101179 1.The outstanding book by C.H. Firth, Cromwell’s Army, London，1902，covers exhaustively the subject of Cromwell as a military organizer, the role in which he is of most interest to us. The extensive work by Fritz Hoenig, Oliver Cromwell, Berlin，1887，is not up to par. See the review in the Historische Zeitschrift，63：482，and the Historical Review, Vol.15（1889），19，p.599. It was only in his later writings that Hoenig brought his considerable talent to its full development.

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1700101181 2.According to Hoenig, II，2，269，this command originated in 1643.

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1700101183 3.According to an estimate by W.G. Ross, reported in the Historische Zeitschrift，63（1889）：484，the parliamentary army numbered 13，500 men, including 7，000 infantry, whereas the royal army had only 8，000 men, half infantry and half cavalry. See Firth, p.111.

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1700101185 4.Hoenig attributed to Cromwell specific creations in the tactical employment of cavalry, the formation of echelons, and so on, and saw in him the predecessor of Frederick and Seydlitz and even the guiding spirit for our time. I cannot agree with him on this. The entire organization of military units of the seventeenth century with the matter of effectiveness of their weapons is too different from the conditions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to justify such comparisons. Hoenig is also in error（I，2，247）when he attributes to Cromwell the formation of divisions in the Napoleonic sense.

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1700101187 5.Firth, p.101.

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1700101189 6.See my article “Anglicanism and Presbyterianism” in the Historisch-Politische Aufsätze.

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1700101191 6　战例介绍

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