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[1]利凡特：又译“黎凡特”，指地中海东部沿海地区。——编者注
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[2]加的斯：西班牙西南部港口，临大西洋加的斯湾。相传为公元前1100年腓尼基人所建，称Gadez，Gadir或Gaddir。——编者注
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[3]Fernand Braudel,The Mediterranean in the Ancient World,London
:Allen Lane,2001,pp.17,73-74,82.
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[4]F.Braudel,The Mediterranean in the Ancient World,pp.90-91,95-96,121.
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[5]与中华帝国的另一个相似之处。
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[7]Cyprian Broodbank,The Making of the Middle Sea
:A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World,London
:Thames ＆ Hudson,2013,pp.464,401.
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[8]Broodbank,The Making of the Middle Sea,p.69;Peregrine Horden,Nicholas Purcell,The Corrupting Sea
:A Study of Mediterranean History,Oxford
:Basil Blackwell,2000,pp.347-350.
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[9]Broodbank,The Making of the Middle Sea,p.367.
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[10]Horden and Purcell,The Corrupting Sea,pp.348,347-350;Barry Cunliffe,Europe between Oceans
:Themes and Variations 9000 BC–AD 1000,New Haven,CT,and London
:Yale University Press,2008,pp.179-182;Broodbank,The Making of the Middle Sea,pp.336,377-389,394395,415.
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[11]Horden and Purcell,The Corrupting Sea,pp.5,11.或者，正如马汉所观察到的：“就像公路、铁路与河流竞争是徒劳无益的一样——更快的速度并不能弥补运载量的不足。”A.T.Mahan,The Problem of Asia,Boston,MA
:Little,Brown,1900,p.38.
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[12]该短语出自柏拉图之口。
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[13]Horden and Purcell,The Corrupting Sea,p.5.
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[14]Horden and Purcell,The Corrupting Sea,pp.342,438.
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[15]Horden and Purcell,The Corrupting Sea,p.11.《奥德赛》对这些航线做了描述。
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[16]Cunliffe,Europe between Oceans,pp.188,199-200.
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[17]Broodbank,The Making of the Middle Sea,pp.352-357,引文位于第357页。
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[18]Braudel,The Making of the Middle Sea,pp.381-388,410-411.
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[19]Cunliffe,Europe between Oceans,pp.187-196.
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[20]Broodbank,The Making of the Middle Sea,pp.381-388,410-411.
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[21]喜克索斯王朝是来自西亚的移民在埃及建立的王朝，这些移民统称为喜克索斯人，喜克索斯在古埃及语里意为“异国的统治者”。他们占领了尼罗河三角洲东部和中埃及，建立了第十五、十六王朝（约前1674年—前1567年），后来被上埃及的第十七王朝赶出了埃及。——译者注
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[22]Braudel,The Mediterranean in the Ancient World.pp.149-150.
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[23]这个词在希腊语中是“海”的意思，也是希腊神话中海洋女神的名字。——译者注
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[24]Glenn Markoe,The Phoenicians,London
:British Museum Press,2000,pp.15-21.
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[25]Broodbank,The Making of the Middle Sea,p.450.
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